An Analysis of Stephen Kings Novella Rita Hayworth and...

Shawshank Redemption Courage can be found and proved in any setting, even a prison. Stephen Kings novella Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption is about a man named Andy Dufresne who is arrested, tried, and convicted for the double homicide of his wife and her lover despite the fact that he is innocent. Throughout the story Andy is subjected to abuse after abuse. First he is wrongfully imprisoned. Then he is used by the prison guards and the warden for his financial and business acumen. He is sexually abused by Bogs Diamond and the Sisters. Andy is put in solitary confinement for a period of months which is enough to break any man. Finally, despite the fact that there is proof of his innocence, he is kept in prison because of his usefulness and his knowledge. Despite everything that he goes through in the story, Andy endures and is able to break free from Shawshank Prison and lead a happy existence with his friend Red in Mexico. His character teaches Red through example how to b e strong, to be brave, and how to be a trusting and devoted friend. Andy Dufresne has inner strength and not physical strength. He is able to overcome his adversaries through his intellect and applied knowledge; not through muscle. In situations where brute strength is needed, Andy is not successful, such as trying to ward off the Sisters and Bogs in their gang rapes. Each time he fights Bogs and the sisters to no avail; always being raped but never giving in willingly. When it becomesShow MoreRelatedRita Hayworth And The Shawshank Redemption Analysis1362 Words   |  6 PagesClose Comparative Analysis Of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption and Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption When comparing the ending of Stephen King’s novella, Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption with the ending of the 1994 film adaptation by Frank Darabont, The Shawshank Redemption, there are key differences. These include additions, removals and slight changes in the narrative which arguably make the storyline better suited to the completely different medium

History of Barter System Free Essays

Barter system Barter system is an age-old method that was adopted by people to exchange their services and goods. This system was used for centuries, before the invention of money. People used to exchange the goods or services for other goods or services in return. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Barter System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nowadays, barter services has staged a comeback with the advent of more sophisticated techniques that aid trading through the Internet. During ancient times, barter system was a local phenomenon, which involved people in the same locality. However, today barter system has become global. You can now negotiate with the opposite party, regarding the value of the item you want to barter and vice versa. The advantage of bartering is that it does not involve money. You can buy an item in exchange for some other thing you current . The barter system was one of the earliest forms of trading. History of barter system It facilitated exchange of goods and services, as money was not invented in those times. The history of bartering can be traced back to 6000 BC. It is believed that barter system was introduced by the tribes of Mesopotamia. This system was then adopted by the Phoenicians, who bartered their goods to people in other cities located across the oceans. An improved system of bartering was developed in Babylonia too. People used to exchange their goods for weapons, tea, spices, and food items. Sometimes, even human skulls were used for barter. Another popular item used for exchange was salt. Salt was so valuable at that time, that the salary of Roman soldiers was paid in salt. The main drawback of this system was that there was no standard criteria to determine the value of goods and services, and this resulted in disputes and clashes. These problems were sorted out with the invention of money, but the barter system continued to exist in some form or another. The Europeans started traveling across the globe during the Middle Ages and used barter services to trade their goods like furs and crafts to the East, in exchange of perfumes and silks. People of colonial America did not have enough money for business, which was mainly based on barter services. Most of their business consisted of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), musket balls, etc. They were also experts in exchanging services. If members of one family agreed to help their neighbors in harvesting their crops, the latter would help the former in their task, like roofing their building. The history of barter system can also be linked to the initial years of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where students used to pay their fees as food items, firewood or livestock. Barter services became popular during the Great Depression in the 1930s’, which witnessed a scarcity of money. The barter system was used as a way of obtaining things like food and other services. The trading was done between people or through groups, who acted as agents and facilitated third party bartering. These groups were like banks, where people maintained their accounts. In case of sale of any of the items, the account of the owner would be credited and the account of the buyer would be debited. It is worth mentioning that Adolf Hitler also used barter system to collect money for funding the war. He was engaged in barter trading with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the people of Germany too resorted to bartering, as the German currency had lost its value. Barter system has been in use throughout the world for centuries. The invention of money did not result in the end of bartering services. Sometimes, monetary crises fueled the revival of the barter system, and the current recession has once again set a stage for its comeback. Even though money is there for trading and for business, barter system still exists and has become more strong and organized. ly have, but don’t want. This type of trading can be done through swap markets and online auctions. How to cite History of Barter System, Papers

The Case Study of Dorothy-Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: You are to write an essay which analyses a case study in order to discuss appropriate biopsychosocial factors and nursing management or interventions relevant to that case. Answer: Case study summary The case study refers to a female 29 years old Dorothy who has been a mother for 4 weeks. She underwent too much pain during her delivery since she had a protracted labor after which a forceps delivery was conducted on her. Since then, Dorothy has lost interest in her new born and only tends to her after being pressurized by her husband or mother in law. Dorothy feels that having the child was just too painful. Alan who is her husband is intolerant at her lack of affection for the child. Dorothy has developed post natal depression, feeling tired, insomnia, low tolerance levels, panic, screaming. She has a feeling that her family is not supportive enough. She has then lost appetite and in turn lost weight. Dorothy has also had other factors associated to stress and trauma as discussed in the paper. Introduction Post natal depression is a common cause of psychological disorders alongside other factors in most people. Depression expresses itself in a variety of factors such as lack of sleep, appetite, and weight loss, lack of commitments, trauma, stress, restlessness, drug abuse, suicidal thoughts and pain in various parts of the body among other psychosocial factors. This paper attempts to discuss the appropriate bio psychosocial factors and nursing management interventions related to post natal depression as presented in the case study, and the ethical issues that has erupted from the post natal depression and care (Depression, (2015). Bio psychosocial factors that contribute to depression Post natal depression refers to a kind of depression that develops in women after giving birth to a child. It may also affect fathers and other family members although on very rare cases. There are several causes of depression and it leads to several adverse effects if it is not handled well. Depression is a turmoil influencing state of mind and general self. Lost enthusiasm for exercises or feeling miserable and down are side effects that describe this condition. Despite the fact that the vast majority feel pitiful or down for brief periods, post natal depression is beyond feeling dismal. Depression is a genuine therapeutic condition and individuals for the most part aren't ready to simply get over a depressive state. Untreated depression that can cause adverse conditions such as work issues, strain on connections, medication and drug misuse, self-destructive musings or endeavors among other conditions. Depression occurs to almost all individuals, post natal depression however mostly occurs to women of about 0-1 year after giving. Rubertsson, et al (2014) there are several myths and misconceptions. Most of these range from emotional balance and hormonal influences. The depression may also be caused by pain as presented in the case study. However, there are a variety of causes that are mostly associated with depression. Depression isn't a basic condition with a known reason. A few people are more defenseless to depressive scenes while others are definitely not. Norhayati, et al (2015) explains that heredity is one of the core assertions associated with depression. Depression might be an acquired condition. One may have a higher probability of encountering a depressive issue sooner or later in their life on the off chance that one has a relative who has suffered the same condition. The real qualities included are not known. It's trusted that numerous qualities may play a factor in causing this type of depression. Biochemical reactions are also a common cause of post natal depression in many mothers. A few people have recognizable changes in their brains with discouragement. Despite the fact that this potential reason isn't comprehended, it suggests depression begins with cerebrum work. Few scholars have associated depression with despondency, pain and pleasure that a mother encounters in their life. Neurotransmitters in the cerebrum particularly serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine influence sentiments of bliss and joy and might be out of adjust in individuals with depression argues Goodman, et al (2015). Antidepressants work to adjust these neurotransmitters, for the most part serotonin. Changes in hormone generation or working could prompt the beginning of depressive states. Any adjustments in hormone states including menopause, labor, thyroid issues, or different issue could cause depression. In relation to post natal depression, as is the case of Dorothy, moms create side effects of depression in the wake of conceiving an offspring. It's typical to be enthusiastic due to the evolving hormones, but post birth depression is a genuine condition. As sunlight hours get shorter in the winter, many individuals create sentiments of laziness, tiredness, and lost enthusiasm for ordinary exercises. This condition was called regular full of feeling issue presently it's known as real depressive issue. According to Webb, R., Ayers, S. (2015) situational causes of stress is another major cause of stress. Situations an individual may be having in life may trigger several changes in the emotional wellbeing of an individual. Injury, a major change, or battle in life can trigger an instance of sadness. Losing a friend or family member, being terminated, having monetary inconveniences, or experiencing a genuine change can bigly affect individuals. Situations that trigger emotions may cause depression in mothers for example, change of roles, feelings and attachment to family members. Depression does not just develop. There are several predisposing factors that make it it more likely for some people to suffer from stress other than others. These factors are mostly related to an individual other than general conditions. Some of these conditions include gender where the women are more likely to get depression other than men. Low self-esteem, other mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, drug and substance abuse, having some illnesses or taking various medications may also pre dispose one to depression. Barry, et al (2015) argues that post natal depression expresses itself in three ways. In some women, depression may develop before birth which is commonly known as perinatal depression. However, post natal depression may include maternity blues which is very common. In this type, a mother feels down and depressed a few days after a child is born. This however disappears after a few days. Post natal depression is similar to maternity blues but more serious in terms the period it takes. It can occur at any period in the first year after a mother has had a child. The last type is post natal psychosis. This has also been commonly referred to as post-partum psychosis. Post natal psychosis is commonly rare and exemplifies symptoms of psychosis. Psychosis in major cases begins after a period of two weeks from the birth of a child. Post natal depression may affect women who do not have a period of mental illness as well (Brummelte, Galea, 2016). Nursing management interventions of post natal depression According to Murgatroyd, et al (2015) diagnosis of depression is done through a full examination of the medical history. A patient may be referred to a psychiatrist for an in depth examination of the signs and symptoms of depression at around the pregnancy period. In spite of the fact that there have been a few examinations into avoiding postnatal dejection, there is no proof that there's anything particular one can do to keep the condition growing, aside from keeping up as sound a way of life as one can. There are several treatment options for post natal depression. These treatment options and nursing interventions revolve around medication, psychotherapy and physical fitness of the body. Giving advice counselling and psychotherapy is one of the most important milestones in the event of offering help to troubled clients of such disorders as associated to depression. Strong advising is a treatment for milder types of postnatal depression, where it is as compelling as energizer drug. More particular treatments, for example, intellectual conduct treatment, are exceptionally compelling. Individuals figure out how to utilize their own particular abilities and assets to adapt to stresses and issues. Figueiredo, Canrio, Field, (2014) holds that counseling about postnatal depression can be critical to help the new mother, their family and supporters to comprehend and help in their recuperation. Health professionals should give relevant advice on the various preparedness os such conditions, make recommendations and help clients to overcome their fears and to adapt easily to the new environments. As for the case of Dorothy, the fact that she had stayed for so long without being able to get a child is enough cause for alarm that necessitates psychiatric counseling before and after birth. The counselors should also equip her with a variety of alternatives to ensure that she has enough preparedness to deal with the outcome. The specialist may endorse antidepressants for stress. Finding the correct solution can involve experimentation there is no real way to foresee which drug will be successful and endured by any one individual. The health professional should also put into the after effects and the side effects of various medications that affect the life of the mothers adversely in order to prevent such occurrences. In the case that one is buying medicines from the counter, it is always advisable for one to seek the advice from the specialist before taking on any path of medication. Consequently, it is essential not to quit taking antidepressants all of a sudden without restorative counsel. Correlative treatments are also considered to be effective in treating depression. The term correlative treatment is for the most part used to show treatments and medications that contrast from ordinary western pharmaceutical and that might be utilized to supplement and bolster it. Certain correlative treatments may upgrade life and help one to look after personal physical health (Verreault, et al (2014). Dennis, Dowswell, (2013) explains that physical fitness is one of the most effective non medicinal methods of solving stress and distress in post natal depression patients. It's likewise truly critical to take care of physical wellbeing. It is necessary that Dorothy should engage in rigorous physical exercise and a good diet in order to reduce her stress levels. She should also conduct an examination with the health professionals in order to improve her physical well-being. Ethical implications for post natal depression According to Borra, Iacovou, Sevilla, (2015) the avocation most ordinarily used to join screening is that the potential advantages of recognizing intercession adequacy adjust the danger of individual damage. Be that as it may, impressive dangers do exist. The revelation of new data may bring about further despondency or stresses, individuals may feel loaded, open to additionally chance, uncertain of whether to uncover data to relatives and disillusioned in the event that they are designated to a control gathering. Independence is said to be regarded in light of the fact that members give attention to take an interest. Pediatric experts are being solicited to give an expanding cluster from administrations amid well-kid visits, including screening for psychosocial and family issues that may straightforwardly or by implication influence their pediatric patients. One such administration is normal screening for post pregnancy depression at pediatric visits. Post pregnancy depression is a case of a parental condition that can have genuine negative impacts for the youngster. Since it is a maternal condition, it raises a large group of moral and legitimate inquiries regarding the limits of pediatric care and the pediatric supplier's obligation and risk. There are however several dangers and risk factors associated with either screening or not screening for, post birth depression at pediatric visits. Grekin, O'Hara, (2014) despite the fact that an extensive variety of parental emotional wellness issues can affect child rearing practices and wellbeing results, one major clinical condition that has gotten expanded consideration concerning routine screening inside pediatric visits: post pregnancy anxiety. With expectations of empowering a more extensive discourse of the limits of pediatric care, utilization of this particular issue to examine lawful contemplations that develop from the social insurance framework and moral contemplations that are all inclusive. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that post natal depression and all major types of depression are caused by a variety of risk factors such as heredity, situational conditions, pain, sudden changes in the way of life and other social factors such as esteem and economic status. Pearson, et al (2013). It is also very clear that there are several clinical interventions that and non-medicinal interventions that can be carried out in order to relieve the post natal depression such as physical fitness, medication and psychotherapy. Some of the ethical considerations include screening during pediatric visits for the clinical depressions. References Barry, T. J., Murray, L., Fearon, R. P., Moutsiana, C., Cooper, P., Goodyer, I. M., ... Halligan, S. L. (2015). Maternal postnatal depression predicts altered offspring biological stress reactivity in adulthood.Psychoneuroendocrinology,52, 251-260. Borra, C., Iacovou, M., Sevilla, A. (2015). New evidence on breastfeeding and postpartum depression: the importance of understanding womens intentions.Maternal and child health journal,19(4), 897-907. Brummelte, S., Galea, L. A. (2016). Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care.Hormones and behavior,77, 153-166. Dennis, C. L., Dowswell, T. (2013). Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression.The Cochrane Library. Depression, P. (2015). Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(1), 59-67. Figueiredo, B., Canrio, C., Field, T. (2014). Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression.Psychological medicine,44(5), 927-936. Goodman, J. H., Prager, J., Goldstein, R., Freeman, M. (2015). Perinatal dyadic psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled pilot trial.Archives of women's mental health,18(3), 493-506. Grekin, R., O'Hara, M. W. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis.Clinical Psychology Review,34(5), 389-401. Murgatroyd, C., Quinn, J. P., Sharp, H. M., Pickles, A., Hill, J. (2015). Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene.Translational psychiatry,5(5), e560. Norhayati, M. N., Hazlina, N. N., Asrenee, A. R., Emilin, W. W. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a literature review.Journal of affective Disorders,175, 34-52. O'hara, M. W., McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions.Annual review of clinical psychology,9, 379-407. Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., Kounali, D., Lewis, G., Heron, J., Ramchandani, P. G., ... Stein, A. (2013). Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years.JAMA psychiatry,70(12), 1312-1319. Rubertsson, C., Hellstrm, J., Cross, M., Sydsj, G. (2014). Anxiety in early pregnancy: prevalence and contributing factors.Archives of women's mental health,17(3), 221-228. Verreault, N., Da Costa, D., Marchand, A., Ireland, K., Dritsa, M., Khalif, S. (2014). Rates and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and with postpartum onset.Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics gynecology,35(3), 84-91. Webb, R., Ayers, S. (2015). Cognitive biases in processing infant emotion by women with depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in pregnancy or after birth: A systematic review.Cognition and Emotion,29(7), 1278-1294.

Worn Path By Eudora Welty Essays - Eudora Welty,

Worn Path By Eudora Welty In ?A Worn Path? Eudora Welty's plot is not all that clear in the beginning of her short story, but progresses as her character carries on against all of the overwhelming forces against her. In this short story a black elderly woman, Phoenix Jackson, must overcome the odds against her as she valiantly travels through many obstacles in order to contribute to the wellness of her grandson, for whom she is making this trip down ?a worn path.? It is at this point that all of Welty's readers' hearts open up to this poor, elderly woman as she makes an attempt to carry on her love for her grandson by taking a long journey down a familiar path in order to get medication that seems to help ease his sickness pains. However, there are many forces against Phoenix that Welty includes in her story in order to make Phoenix's adventure end in a victory. Poverty, old age, and her journey through the woods are all of the odds which Phoenix must overcome. Poverty is a major hardship that most of us will never have to face, but in Phoenix's case, poverty is present everyday in her and her grandson's life. Since she is in this state of poverty, Phoenix is not able to enjoy life's luxuries as others do and must make do with what she can. As she begins her journey, it becomes clear that she lacks the money to pay for transportation to and from town; therefore, she starts down her path carrying a ?thin, small cane made from an umbrella? (132). Although Welty never really emphasizes what this is used for the reader can assume that she uses it because she does not have the money to buy the actual cane needed to help her walk properly. Another conflict dealing with poverty arouses when she feels it necessary to steal from a hunter she encounters in the woods. While the hunter walks away her sneaky ?fingers slid down and along the ground under the piece of money with grace and care they would have in lifting an egg from under a setting hen? (134). Here Welty shows that Phoenix must do what she has to in order to survive. Even though it may not appear right, her poverty forces her to act in a way that she only knows best. For instance, when people have a barrier separating them between something they want, they are going to do what they can to achieve their goal no matter what stands in their way. In this case Phoenix is a poor woman and the money catches her eye. Acting on her instinct, she takes what is not hers and hopes that she can get away with it. However, because of her perseverance and determination to better the health of her grandson, Phoenix journeys into town to receive charity that the doctor's office provides her. This ?soothing medicine? they give her is the reason why she makes this trip in the first place (136). However, she is looked upon as a charity case since she has no money to pay for the medication he needs and is given the medicine for free. All of these examples that Welty has described in ?A Worn Path? allow her story to develop by making readers think about what she writes. Poverty is an important issue in today's society and it makes one think of all the fortunes they have. In this sense, Welty also makes one fear poverty by the way she addresses it. The images allow one to feel Phoenix's pain that comes along with poverty. Joyce Carol Oates backs up this statement by adding that by ?disciplining her [Welty's] vision in order to gain deeper penetration into the dark and lovely realities of the lonely human spirit and shaping her fiction so that each story should be something achieved...? (362). Oates simply means that Welty goes beyond normal realities in order to grab the reader's attention. Through poverty, Welty takes a worldwide problem and stretches it to a level in which the person reading her story feels saddened by the power she displays. To be old, poor, and a surrogate mother is a hard job, and Welty does a wonderful job of portraying this through the underlying problem of poverty. Another overpowering element in ?A Worn Path? is Phoenix's age. Welty writes that she has ?numberless branching wrinkles? which illustrates that she has many years behind her (132). It is here

Ddww Essays

Ddww Essays Ddww Paper Ddww Paper Does anything symbolize the united States more than a sasss muscle car roaring its high output engine at the beginning of a h mile drag strip? Well, maybe apple peel and football. But the good news Is that the American muscle car has experienced a rebirth and it may just be better than it has ever been. With the reincarnation of the Corvette, Mustang, Camera, and GOT, it seems that the days of American Muscle have returned. However, when talking about the return of a classic muscle car, the 2009 Dodge Charger must not go unmentioned. Its aggressive style and powerful engine homelike the traditional American beast unlike any other current retro vehicle. Sleek, stylish and affordable. These three adjectives Justly describe the 2009 Dodge Charger. The new modified Charger, has Improved In nearly every category since its introduction in the 2006 model, and has continued to sell in great numbers throughout the united States. In a time of such economic stress and uncertainty its no wonder why an affordable American vehicle has been in such high demand. With three distinctly different models including a fuel-efficient yet powerful 180 response engine in the SE to the Juggernaut 425 horsepower engine In the SORT-8 the consumer Is able to customize the car best suited for them. The new design of the Dodge Charger features a wide wheelbase, with an aggressive front end that seems to constantly be on the prowl as if scaring other vehicles away. Even with its aggressive look the 2009 Dodge Charger sits at over 200 inches long and contains ample room for not only 5 passengers, but also a significant amount of trunk space for luggage. It can ultimately be described as the modern cycle car; A powerful vehicle with plenty of room, and enough technology to please even the biggest computer nerd. In fact, one of the more Interesting options available in the 2009 Charger Is a 30-gloated hard drive for storing digital music and picture files, which can be seen on the Navigation Screen, which also happens to show real time traffic updates. The exterior options also include a rear spoiler on every model as well as wheels that range from 16 to 20 inches. The similarities in exterior design between the 1966 Charger and the 2009 Charger are amazing to look at. The lines on the car are so similar yet deferent enough to make your mind wander as to how Dodge was able to Incorporate the original beauty of the 66 Charger with the 09 Charger. The two vehicles both have an overall length slightly over 200 inches, and have a wide wheelbase of over 117 inches that is so distinctly a characteristic of the Dodge Charger. Fortunately, Dodge was successful in keeping the new Charger, Just recognizable enough to realize exactly what vehicle was the 2009 Chargers predecessor. The Charger SE, the base model, has a 178 horsepower V-6 engine that gets round 25 MUG and at around $22,000 Its hard to pass up on such a stylish car. Of course, this model doesnt exactly bring about thoughts of the gas-guzzling pedal to the medal vehicles of the sasss. Fortunately Dodge has taken care of the consumers need for a vehicle meant to push the limits. The Charger SORT-8 has a 6. 1 liter 425 horsepower HEMI V-8 engine that pumps out over 6200 RPM and even has a functional hood scoop Just in case anybody doubted its muscle car credibility. For around S anyone can roller one AT ten most excellent anon powerful American cars currently on the market. As to be expected with any large, extremely powerful vehicle, this models gas efficiency tips all the way down to around 13 MUG, which isnt exactly ideal given the fluctuating gas prices of today. There is also a $1700 gas- guzzler fee, which is a tax applied to the sale of new vehicles that dont meet certain standards for gas mileage, which must be paid for when the vehicle is first purchased. The price for a mid-level 2009 Charger is certainly fair when compared to other competitors in its class. In fact, it is almost exactly in between the dollar price range which includes several other American vehicles such as the Cadillac ACTS, Chrysler 300, Ford Taurus, and Pontiac 68. When comparing exterior styling, the Charger seems to be the only one to stand out in this category of average looking cars produced inside the country. It appears to break away from the boring American Sedan mold with its seemingly muscular skeleton that must have contacted Barry Bonds and Alex Rodriguez for some of their steroids. After driving the 2009 Dodge Charger it is clear to see the finely tuned transmission, and smooth ride. However, not everything about this vehicle is perfect. I quickly noticed that the turning radius compares to that of a significantly larger car such as a pickup truck and it is not ideal for maneuvering due to numerous blind spots from inside the vehicle. However, if a driver can get used to these two negatives, the car is a very enjoyable ride for any auto enthusiast. Its no secret that the American automobile industry is failing miserably and has done so for years. There may be some sort of quick fix involving some sort of government buyout, however more must be done to insure the future of the American car. Its quite possible that these new remodeled muscle cars may Just be what the auto industry needs to save itself. Specifically the Charger, along with many other new vehicles offer affordability, high performance, and style that reminds us of the old days while containing technology that makes us think about the future. The industry can no longer allow itself to be beaten by foreign competitors without taking immediate action. The combination of styling, performance, and affordability alone should be enough to make any buyer in the car market at least consider the 2009 Dodge Charger. Obviously, it is a well thought out and well-designed vehicle that screams with the patriotism that makes this nation as great as it is.

Action And Necessity For All Human Beings Marketing Essay

Action And Necessity For All Human Beings Marketing Essay CHAPTER 1 Eating is observably a daily action and necessity for all human beings. Depending on individual’s reason for eating at restaurants, individual intentionally or instinctively assess a multifarious set of attributes ahead of choosing a restaurant. The significance involved to these restaurant attributes is ultimately evaluated in the customer’s mind, leading to a decision of purchasing. Some factors, like age, company and even social division come into take part in to amplify these attributes as the customer makes a decision of dining (Johnson and Champaner, 2004). The restaurant industry has undoubtedly not been free from either augmented competition or from increasing customer expectations regarding quality. In the greatly competitive food industry, large operators chain have a propensity to gain competitive gain in the course of cost leadership, likely only due to standardization and economies of scale beginning from large market shares, while smaller, indep endent restaurants on the other hand endeavor to gain benefit through differentiation (Lowenstein, 1995). Branding keeps on gaining importance in the marketing of restaurants services and marketers have spent lot of money to create and give support to brand images. This have seen in the marketing of strong and well defined brands like Mc Donald’s and Kfc fast food restaurants which attracts the customer through their marketing , service and by making brand loyal customers of their products. This increases the retention rate due to satisfied and loyal customer. Particularly, there is lot more to discern about customers perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision as there is lot more to discern about customers perceive restaurant brands and the comparative weight these links get during purchase decision. According to the Kaplan and Norton (2001), the importance of the perceived quality in order to get the retention effect in re staurant industry is always considered as a main element to retain in the customers and the business. The main reason behind that in this industry entry barrier are usually low and any one can easily enter due to investment required that is not on the higher side. So the point is that when ever consumer is satisfy from the arrangement by the management, the quality of the food provided by the staff members with the positive attitude than this result in increasing the loyalty towards the particular restaurant and increases the retention intensions of the customers. 1.2 Problem Statement To identify the process to gain customer retention to the services and what are the factors that influence the customer retention. The primary problem is to identify the customer retention in the detail that includes factors of dining attributes and customer satisfaction in context to Food restaurant industry. Thus these factors leads to consumer behavior and customer revisit the restaurant 1.3 Resear ch Hypothesis Assessment of service quality has a significant effect on the customer retention. 1.4 Outline of the study The purpose of study fold in two parts: one suggests that how important is dining attributes in term of Re-patronage intentions and second part suggest the customer satisfaction which leads Re-patronage intentions in restaurants. The role of dining attributes and customer satisfaction is very important for knowing the customer intentions, would they will visit to that restaurants again or not. There has been a strong support for the espousal of consumer retention in restaurants as one of the key performance indicators. It has found that there is a high association between customer retention and the profit earn by the industries. The fragmentation of media choices and the active nature of the marketplace, tied with an enlarged number of additional demanding and prosperous consumers, brought bigger challenges to marketing practitioners in keeping hold of their regul ar customers.

Gardens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gardens - Essay Example Many gardeners have forgotten what each row contains, since not many gardeners plan their gardens on paper. By using a classification with only three categories, gardeners only have to remember the type of plant sowed in one third of their garden. Root plants would consist of carrots, onions, potatoes, radishes, and other plants that are harvested for their roots. Top plants could be corn, blackberries, and other plants that are harvested above ground. Vine plants would be watermelon, pumpkins, cucumbers tomatoes, grapes, and other plants grown on a vine. By planting root plants first, top plants second, and vine plants third gardeners could easily know what they are harvesting. Root plans like carrots and onions have a distinct top. All a gardener needs to do is find an onion plant to know what third of the garden was allotted to root plants. Top plants like corn also have distinct stalks which would help the gardener know what third of the garden is for top plants. Vine plants grow on vines, so this part of the garden would be easy to spot. Classifying a garden will help gardeners harvest their crops more easily. By using the classification of root plants, top plants, and vine plants, a gardener could easily identify what is being

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business Law - Essay Example The local and state courts are active within their restricted domain. A hierarchal trend is evident in which the bottom courts have restricted domain, and the relatively superior court have increasing number of responsibilities and assignments. The court has certain jurisdictions which are based on the nature and the location of the case (Tinsley, 2000). It is advisable, and is per the discreet of the company to file suit against any party for its failure to abide by the norms and regulations, or violation of any agreed or legal document. In this case, where the company B has betrayed company A, and has tried to defy the accepted deal, the company A is therefore entitled to submit its complain to the court. The issues with reference to the social, family, cultural and religious disputes are handled by the civil courts, whereas the cases related to theft, burglary, murder, violence, corruption and fraud are treated by the criminal courts. The given case in which the company A i.e. employer has been betrayed by another company B i.e. call center has little relevance with the criminal activities; therefore the proceedings of the case are expected to be conducted by the civil courts. The ambiguities and malpractices mostly related to the unethical and immoral values are brought under the domain of the civil court. The civil court are considered perfect judicial resort where the justice can be achieved, the proceedings in other courts are difficult to be materialized mainly due to the reason that either the court itself will rule out the application, or the lawyers of the defendants can prove that the criminal courts are not entitled to conduct the proceedings, thus such a case will stand v oid. Contrary, the civil courts can entitle to conduct the proceedings without any legal barrier, therefore company A is authorized to register a case of manipulation of funds, or detachment from the agreed financial deal against company B in the

Pip and Estella Essay Example for Free

Pip and Estella Essay Chapter 33 opens with Pip again showing how obsessed he is with Estella. He says however, even in my eyes suggesting that he realises that he sees her in a better light than anybody else for example Herbert says in chapter 22: Shes a Tartar. Pip notices a change in her mannerisms in this visit, only the second time the two have met since adulthood. Pip again shows that he knows she is different around him to around other people as he says, cared to let it be to me, he seems to know, or at least believe that she is ruder, more insulting and supercilious in Pips company than that of people in her social circle, or of class. Throughout this chapter and chapter 29, even though both Pip and Estella are adults now, we see the influence of Miss Havisham. Estella blames her actions upon her being made to follow the unknown orders of Miss Havisham; and I write in obedience to it suggests that Estella is otherwise unwilling to have any contact with Pip at all, and she wants him to know this. Estella also says; We have no choice, you and I, but to obey our instructions. We are not free to follow our own devices, you and I. which suggests that she is unhappy. This is interpreted badly by Pip as to mean that she wants more between them than is allowed, whereas she could mean exactly the opposite. Pip recognises however her reluctance and an awkward air of orders being carried out when he says; She drew her arm through mine, as if it must be done As a child Miss Havisham always encouraged Pip to like Estella with influential dialogue such as And never see her again, though she is so pretty? . But it becomes dramatically apparent that Estella wants to discourage Pip from following Miss Havishams encouragements; Will you never take warning? Or do you kiss my hand in the spirit I once let you kiss my cheek? and although she seems to have started off the visit quite mannered and nicer to Pip she soon returns to arrogant and supercilious with lines such as; you must not expect me to go to school to you; I must talk in my own way. which also suggests that she is trying to distance herself from Pip. However she does seem to show a trust and dependence upon Pip when she entrusts him with her purse and although she does so coldly, holds his arm. Is that just a way to lure him? Pip is well aware that she tries to lure him as he says in Chapter 29 She treated me as a boy still, but she lured me on. But even this sense of Estella trying to manipulate Pip as Pip now knows is the plan of Miss Havisham does not dissuade him as he says; It was impossible for me to avoid seeing that she cared to attract me; and that she made herself winning; and would have won me even if the task had needed pains. he obviously knows the intentions of Miss Havisham to wreak revenge on all the male sex when he continues with she held my heart in her hand because it would have wrung any tenderness in her, to crush it and throw it away. In Chapter 33 she calls Pip a silly boy as a derogatory term, echoing earlier episodes when she regularly referred to him, although a peer as boy. Although actually for the first time in the novel she also called him Pip. Is this Estella purposely trying to make Pip think they are closer or their relationship has changed in some way, maybe more intimate than before in the novel. Throughout the chapter Estella remains quite composed and a strong character whilst Pip explicitly hints at his feelings towards Estella and drifts off into daydreams; having forgotten everything but herself, he obviously has stronger feeling towards her than her feeling to him, if she has any at all, which, although hinted at have not been explicitly shown. Even when we do see a hint that Estella does have feelings for Pip, we must also remember that Pip, as narrator, is biased, as wishful thinking possibly. As a very small point, but one that may show a point in the story of importance, Estella says kiss my cheek whereas Pip says kiss the cheek could this be Pip trying to distance himself from Estella, show a hardening to her temptations? Pip says; Her reverting to this tone as if our association were forced upon us gave me pain Whatever her tone with me happened to be, I could put no trust in it, and build no hope on it; which tells the reader that he is hardening to her effects, but Pip obviously adores her too much when he continues; I went on against trust and hope continuing the idea that he does not just love her, but has become obsessed by Estella. However, it is made explicitly obvious that she can certainly live without Pip and intends to do so. But she continues to, obvious to the reader if not to Pip, encourage his beliefs of her mutual feelings when she says indeed you are already mentioned which suggests to Pip that he is considered by Estella often, although we do not know who mentioned Pip, as it could just be the plans of Miss Havisham for Pip to visit. If the reader views Estella as completely manipulative and heartless, then this being the first time in the novel that she calls Pip by his name could be seen as Estella trying to drag Pip further into her net and Pip realise this, although he still continues to let it work. Chapter 33 is a key point where Pip realises Estellas true intentions, or at least begins to see through her plans. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

The English Reformation Essays -- History England Roman Catholic Essay

The English Reformation During the reign of King Richard II "England was experiencing her first serious outbreak of heresy for nearly a millennium." This widespread heresy, known as Lollardy, held the reformation of the Catholic Church as its main motivation, and was based upon the ideas of John Wyclif, an Oxford scholar. "All kinds of men, not only in London but in widely-separated regions of the country, seized the opportunity to voice criticisms both constructive and destructive of the present state of the Church." While commoners protested and pressed for reform, going so far as to present their manifesto, the "Twelve Conclusions," to Parliament, members of the royal household were protecting John Wyclif and his ideas, John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III, and Joan of Kent, the widowed Princess of Wales, "by whose influence he was protected from ultimate disgrace (such as excommunication)," were Wyclif's supporters and protectors. Like Wyclif's Lollard heresy, the English Protestant Reformation, over one hundred years later, would draw support from both the common people and the royal establishment. Among the many causes of the Reformation, one stands out as the most important because it alone brought about a specifically English reformation. The religious drive of the common people to create a more open system of worship was a grassroots movement of reform, similar to the reformations taking place across Europe. The political ambitions of those at the highest levels of government to consolidate power in the person of the monarch, however, is what made a reformation of the Church in England into a specifically English Reformation. John Wyclif and the people who followed him reflected how royal authority could be b... ... act for the dissolution of monasteries, 1539" Given-Wilson, Chris. "Late Medieval England, 1215-1485." In The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval England, edited by Nigel Saul. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII vol. II, sec. i, pg. 259, no. 967. London, 1920. Quoted in John A. F. Thomson, The Early Tudor Church and Society, 1485-1529, (London: Longman Group UK Limited, 1993), pg. 37. Russell, Conrad. "The Reformation and the Creation of the Church of England, 1500- 1640." In The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Sheils, W. J. The English Reformation. Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited, 1989. Thomson, John A. F. The Early Tudor Church and Society, 1485-1529. London: Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.

Effects of Washington D.C Snipers

Effects of Washington D. C Snipers Two men that decide they want to take people’s lives into their own hands, can change the way American citizens live their everyday lives. This exact situation happened over a twenty-three day period, when John Muhammad and John Malvo went on a shooting spree in Washington D. C. John Allen Muhammad, a forty-one year old veteran expert marksman of the Persian Gulf War, was the main culprit of the crime. He was accompanied by John Lee Malvo, a seventeen year old Jamaican citizen. These two men killed ten people and wounded three others. The snipers had a strategic plan in shooting their victims. As appose to a random one day spree, they had a well thought out process of how to conduct this shooting. They cut a small hole out of the trunk of an old car. They used this hole to stick their gun out of and shoot people without getting caught, and without people knowing where the shooting was coming from. There were no particular people that they were trying to shoot. Everyone that was shot or wounded was random. They shot people picking their kids up from school, and people filling up with gas. This shooting scared people all over the community and throughout the nation. No one felt safe leaving their homes. Before the criminals were caught people were very cautious performing their everyday activities. Some people did not want to take their kids to school fearing that they, or their children might be in danger. The parents and children who did perform their everyday activities lived in fear every time Dial 2 they were in the open. This shooting also stopped people from wanting to get out of their car to fill up with gas. People also stopped going to the park, and even going out to run and exercise. People who had to walk to and from work were scared to go to their jobs in fear of being shot. Anytime people had to be out in the open, they felt as if they were a target. They were scared that somebody was always watching them through the scope of a rifle. Because the people did not know where the shooting was coming from, they did not know what warnings to look for. Once the shooters were caught, some of the tension was relieved. Even though some of the tension was relieved, some people still had the killings of innocent people in the back of their minds. Since someone had committed such an awful crime, they thought that someone else would commit this crime in a similar style. It took time before kids were out playing in the park again and people were back to their normal everyday activities. Because of this shooting, more cars are stopped and searched, because of small traffic violations to ensure the safety of others. More cameras have been put up throughout the city so cops can look at what happened after a crime has been committed, and hopefully bring the criminals to justice. During the time of big events, there are also more roads closed and blocked where all cars are stopped and questioned. Crimes like this also make it harder for the everyday citizen to buy a gun. It also makes people consider going and getting a concealed weapons license. Even today, five years later, people are still worried about crimes like this being committed. Some people feel as if they are a target every time they step out of their front door. Cops all over America have been trained to be able to spot suspicious behavior and know what to look for. The Government’s job is to make everyone feel safe, although this is not always possible because of similar situations from the past.

Conflict in Short Story Essay

Essay on the Conflict Presented in William Faulkner’s Short Story, â€Å"Barn Burning† Conflict in literary works can be presented in a multitude of ways and it can be about almost everything that presents opposing forces. In William Faulkner’s short story, Barn Burning, the conflict is indeed about two opposing forces—that of the father and the son who values different things and who sees things differently. However, this is not the only conflict that the story illustrates. More than the physical conflict which the father and the son so obviously have, there is a hidden conflict present which is within the son. This conflict is the battle between what is right as defined by the law which the son upholds versus what is correct as defined by familial loyalty. The story revolves around the case of the father, Mr. Snopes who is accused of burning the barn of Mr. Harris. Though the case is dismissed, the Snopes name is forever tainted and the family decides to leave town and relocate. In the beginning of the story itself, Colonel Sartoris Snopes, the little boy protagonist and youngest son of Mr. Snopes is in turmoil since he knows that his father did indeed order that the barn of Mr. Harris be burned. Readers are able to see the conflict within the character of Sartoris who wants to say the truth but who wants to be loyal to his father, a father who nurtured, sheltered, fed and protected him. Sartoris decides that he will be loyal to his father even to the point of regarding Mr. Harris as their common enemy: â€Å"our enemy he thought in that despair; ourn! Mine and hisn both! He’s my father! † (Faulkner, 1939, p. 1137). This parade of thoughts that Sartoris conjures up in his mind is the beginning of the battle of his conscience of whether he wants to abide by the loyalty that he owes his father and family or abide by societal laws. These thoughts are actually also a reflection of Sartoris convincing himself that he must at all cost, abide by familial loyalty. The same strain of thought pops again when the judge in charge of the case calls on Sartoris to testify whether his father really had a hand in the burning of the barn: â€Å"He aims for me to lie, he thought, again with that frantic grief and despair. And I will have to do it. † (Faulkner, 1939, 1138). Sartoris knows that his father is guilty and yet he also knows that he must lie to protect his father and the reputation of the rest of the family members, that he has no choice. Later on when the family leaves town to relocate, the father calls the son to ask him whether he would tell the judge the truth. This moment is where the father explains to the son what to do and what the importance of familial piety and loyalty is: â€Å"You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood to stick to you† (Faulkner, 1939, p. 1140). This explanation of the father sums up the conflict that they have with each other: the father thinks that even if a family member is wrong, the others have to stick to that wronged member while the son thinks that truth and justice are more important. This difference in opinions, values and perspectives turn out to be crucial points in the end when the father runs into trouble again and decides to burn another barn. The son finally decides without hesitation that he will not stand up for his father and for the rest of the family who chose to stand with the father. The son decides to stop the father by calling the attention of the barn owner that there is something amiss. Thus, the son wins over the father twice in the sense that he chooses to abide by his own beliefs while at the same time upholding the laws of society and saving the property of the other. However, there is also a sense of loss of the boy since he has lost his family and he causes the death of his own father by reporting him to De Spain, the barn owner. In a way, the father’s explanation with the son comes true: since the son did not stick to his blood, his blood will also not to stick to him meaning that his family (the rest of the Snopes) will also decide to leave him or be disloyal to him. In conclusion, the conflict in the story is between father and son; and between the son’s loyalties to his family versus his moral obligations to the laws of society. Both conflicts are also resolved by the end of Faulkner’s short story with the death of the father. However, there is a possibility that a new conflict arises in the loneliness that the son is now going to experience as he makes his own way in the world and whether he can survive that loneliness. References Faulkner, W. (1939). Barn burning. The Harper American literature, v. 2, 2nd ed. Ed. McQuade, D. , et al. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers Inc. pp. 1137-1149.

The ugly, the bad and the good - Emphasis

The ugly, the bad and the good The ugly, the bad and the good Some sentences leave you gasping for breath. Try reading aloud this extract from the minutes of a recent meeting of West Lindsey District Council, for example: The Support Services Manager submitted Report 213 advising of progress made in respect of the key tasks which must be addressed by the Council and the guidelines as to when they need to be completed in order that the requirements to introduce Best Value can be met. If youre anything like us, you will have to read it several times to understand what its trying to say. The sentence is too long and would be much clearer written as two separate sentences: The Support Service Manager submitted Report 213 advising of progress made in respect of the key tasks which must be addressed by the Council. It also explains the guidelines as to when the tasks need to be completed in order that the requirements to introduce Best Value can be met. This makes it clearer. But there are still too many redundant words: in respect of; as to when; in order that. And a few passive verbs that make the sentence clumsy and less easy to understand: must be addressed; need to be completed; can be met. A well-placed comma might help too. So lets try again: The Support Service Manager submitted Report 213, outlining the Councils progress on key tasks. The Council must address these tasks within the time guidelines in order to introduce Best Value. OK so its not a sentence thats going to set the world on fire. But at least its quick and easy to read.

Management of Risk and Protection of Vulnerable Individuals in Health Essay

Management of Risk and Protection of Vulnerable Individuals in Health and Social Care - Essay Example The goal has shifted to creating frameworks for action upon which the responsible agencies are called to work in consultations to assure coherent policies in protecting vulnerable persons from risks of abuse as well as effective and consistent responses from circumstances ascertained from concerns of formal complaints and anxiety expressions (Heaslip and Ryden 65). The primary aim of agencies includes preventing abuse in areas possible and establishing preventive strategy progression. Agencies require an assurance that there are robust procedures in place to deal with any incident of abuse. Circumstances for which exploitation and harm occurs is popular for the extreme diversity and membership of at-risk groups. The problematic issue is the identification of subsequent steps in making responses to such diversity (Young 121). The healthcare policies ascertain that service availability and existence of illness symptoms is substantiated in explaining the application of services. Service s can be availed even without the use and may be utilized in a manner that is not established in the performance (Larkin 87). People can seek the help of various problems above others without seeking help from the reflection of intended services provision. Scoping reports identify mismatches between patients’ needs and professional expectations to the service uptake patterns. The description of problems for the delay, as well as non-uptake for health services, appears to have a link to the underlying social deprivation structures and specific membership for cultural groups (Leathard, Goodinson-McLaren and McLaren 87).

Characteristics of the Tribal Misseriya in Abyei and Their Role in Research Paper

Characteristics of the Tribal Misseriya in Abyei and Their Role in Current Sudan Conflict - Research Paper Example Initially, the Arab traders used to trade on the African slaves through north Sudan. These slaves were often collected from the interior land of south Sudan. Some of the black African women were kept by these Arabs as their concubine. When these women later had children with the Arabs, they became half Arabs and half Africans. Misseriya is one such tribe with corrupt identity who has been discarded by both Arabs as well as the Africans. Misseriya tribes, though have been discriminated against, prefers to be Arabs. They speak Arabic and follow the traditions and cultures of the Arabs. From the education point of view, these mixed tribes of Mundukuru, Janjaweed, Jalaba, Misseriya etc. have an advantage over the black Africans as they formers were accepted by the Arabs as their offspring and were therefore provided education. (Silvio, 2011) Tribal customs to maintain peace Some of the customs, which has evolved over the years, in order to maintain peace among the different tribes of Sud an and for the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts, are that they should respect their elders who are the custodians of their customs and traditions, they should be taught to be able to â€Å"forgive and forget† and not carry forward grudges, should have respect for traditions, should try to keep away from conflicts and violence with other groups, should maintain cordial relationship with the neighboring tribes etc. (Suleiman, 2011, p.4) Misseriya and the ongoing Sudan conflict The reason for conflict between the Ngoc Dinka and the Misseriya herders lies in the fact that the Ngoc Dinka claim to have native rights on the territory but the Misseriya herders rely on those fertile pieces of land for grazing their cattle. The conflict is turning into in impasse on the ground, blocking trade from the North and stranding thousands of Southerners who want to return back to home from North Sudan. These tribes have centuries of conflict behind them. There existed group o f Misseriya militia who used to attack people travelling from north to south or vice versa in Sudan. The Misseriya tribe also fears that Abyei will want to be a part of Southern Sudan when it will vote in 2011 referendum to split from Sudan and as a result of which the Misseriya tribe may lose their conventional grazing rights and therefore their livelihoods. (Sudan Watch, 2009) The president of South Sudan has promised in the past as well that Misseriya will not cease to enjoy its grazing rights even after the north-south border turns into an international border but the situation is far from resolved. The situation had become so critical that the tribal leaders of Misseriya had given war warnings some six days before the votes in South Sudan on the matter of splitting itself from the Northern Province was due. The Dinka tribes, another major tribe of Abyei, were willing to join south. It was announced that a war without any excuse will be the outcome of such a move, i.e. trying to appropriate Abyei to the south. The result of the conflict was that the vote, which was due on 9th of January, 2011 has been delayed till the issues of borders and residency rights are not cleared. (Sudan Tribune, 2010) A local agreement on grazing rights has been signed on January 14th 2011 between the elders of Ngok Dinka and Misseriya but it

How to make oral presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to make oral presentation - Essay Example I would like to share the process of doing an oral presentation. I do oral presentation frequently because it is part of a student’s life. One cannot get through college without mastering the art and science of oral presentation. Thus, it would be best that a student must learn how to do oral presentation effectively while still in school. Make an outline of the presentation. This will help organize not only the presentation but also the thought of the person delivering the oral presentation. Outline serves as a guide for the presentation. This could be done through power point and the presenter's own printed copy with the corresponding explanation.Do a dry run presentation a couple of days before the presentation. It will also help a lot if such dry run will be recorded so that the student can play back and observe how he or she is doing in the presentation and do some corresponding adjustments to make the presentation better. The dry run will also let the student have a feel of the presentation which would help diminish the nervousness during the presentation proper. Also, dry runs allow the student to make all possible mistakes without the deduction in grade or embarrassment.Do one last review and the dry run of the subject matter to be presented a day before the presentation. Then relax and get enough sleep. Arrive at the presentation venue earlier to be able to relax and settle down. This will help to remove the nervousness and make the presenter more confident.

Organisational Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Assignment Example pre-entry and post-entry individual-level criteria. This paper contains information collected from a series of published articles, presentations from different conferences, working papers and dissertation projects. Unpublished works and in-press research works are also a part of data collection for this paper. Strengths The meta-analysis is conducted after considering a large collection of resources and keeping aside certain aspects of the variables as exclusions. One can find noteworthy heterogeneity in the process of conceptualizing and measuring the fit. This comes from a thorough understanding of the fit’s impact on individual level outcomes. In the later part of this paper, an underlying principle, drawn from the existing theories, has been provided for the conceptual and methodological issues. It is expected that these issues would moderate the relationships between fit-outcome. The meta analyses, the criteria and moderator analyses for the four kinds of fit are represen ted in a well structured tabular form. This makes it easy to study the outcomes and make a comparison among the results. Weaknesses This paper is a qualitative review of literature existing on person-interaction fit. However, the relationships cannot be flawlessly captured by running polynomial regression. Besides, in metadata analysis measurement errors remain due to lack of reliability of measurement of fits. The paper does not contain any first hand data or primary research. Nor does it contain any raw data collected and analyzed. It is rather a survey of literatures and quantification of the information gathered. Above all methodological flaws do exist in the studies considered. For instance, the reliabilities for the variables were not reported and not corrected for measurement error. Again, polynomial regression does not support fit analysis at times. Practically no research has been conducted on validation of multidimensional approaches. Suggestions for improvement Criteria l eading to the results of the meta analysis are found to have been predicted by the different sorts of relationships in person-environment interaction. These relationships are subject to change with continuous flow of modernization. Thus these relationships would not adhere to the symmetrical notions of good fit. Hence this research can be revisited after exploring the individuals’ cognitive schemas. More attention could be focused on other dimensions of fit which are unexplored. This could include the different types of PG and PS fit along with the types of PO fit. The idea of taking fit as a dependent variable also needs to be reconsidered. Knowledge sharing, organizational climate, and innovative behavior: cross-level analysis of effects Yu, Yu and Yu (2013) have presented their paper titled â€Å"Knowledge sharing, organizational climate, and innovative behavior: cross-level analysis of effects† with the purpose of investigating behavior of employees, interaction am ong the employees and their level of knowledge and the climate of innovation in the organization. Primary research has been conducted for the methodology of research. Through the study, it has been discovered that there is a positive a positive relationship between the climate of organizational behavior and innovative behavior. There were two levels of instrument for the collection

Kachrus Three Circle Model Evaluation

Kachrus Three Circle Model Evaluation The Three-circle Model of World Englishes was developed by Kachru in 1985 and it remains one of the most influential models for grouping the varieties of English in the world (Mollin, 2006, p.41). Kachru (1985) described the spread of English in terms of three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle. These circles represent the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures and languages (Kachru, 1985, p.12). Although Kachrus three-circle of English is still an important initial stepping stone for the division of Englishes, drawbacks and variations have been identified by several authors, including Kachru himself (Yoneoka, 2002). The Kachrus Three-circle Model will be introduced and evaluated in this paper. In the Kachrus Three-circle Model, the Inner Circle Kachrus model refers to the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother-tongue varieties, where English acts as a first language (White, 1997). The countries involved in the Inner Circle include the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The varieties of English used here are said to be norm providing. The Outer Circle consists of the earlier phases of the spread of English in non-native settings, where the language has become part of a countrys chief institutions, and plays an important second language role in a multilingual setting (Rajadurai, 2005). Most of the countries included in the Outer Circle are former colonies of the UK or the USA, such as Malaysia, Singapore, India, Ghana, Kenya and others (Rajadurai, 2005). The English used in the outer circle is considered as norm-developing. The Expanding Circle refers to the territories where English is learnt as a foreign language. The territories do not have a h istory of colonization by members of the Inner Circle and institutional or social role. English is taught as a foreign language as the most useful vehicle of international communication (White, 1997). The countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, Greece and Poland (Crsytal, 1997). The English used in the Expanding Circle is regarded as norm dependent. The Kachrus model is in a dynamic nature. According to Kachru (1985), dividing English speakers into Inner, Outer and Expanding circles is preferable to the traditional native, ESL and EFL labels which involve the dichotomy between native and nonnative speakers (Rajadurai, 2005). English native speakers are visually not privileged since they are not placed at the top of the Three-circle Model. However, the model is not sufficiently dynamic to reflect the reality of English use in the world. It still prefers the English native speakers in the inner circle. The limitations of the model will be discussed in the following. According to Patil (2006), the model assumes that the three circles represent linguistic reality perfectly. Kachru (1985) himself has noted that the concentric circles may be oversimplified and fuzzy areas exist. Some special cases like South Africa and Jamaica are difficult to be classified. As Kachru himself has acknowledged, the fact is that the categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive and grey areas exist between the circles (Rajadurai, 2005). Apart from the fuzzy classification between circles, Tripathi (1998) points out that there are no mechanisms to differentiate varieties within a circle. Therefore, Crystal (1997) suggests not defining the boundaries of Kachrus concentric circles in such absolute terms. Kachrus model describes the Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle as norm-providing, norm-developing and norm-dependent. However, Crystal (1995) comments that the model cannot represent the reality of international English use because the reality is often not so clear-cut. Crystal wonders it is difficult to distinguish whether the Outer Circle looks to Inner Circle norms or it creates its own norms. Norms development is also possible in the Expanding Circle. The Three-circle Model fails to consider the growth of English in the world. It cannot account for the growing use of English, namely English as a lingua franca between speakers who do not share a first language (Mollin, 2006, p.41-42). English is now overwhelmingly widespread in international settings. It is the language choice in international organizations, companies as well as academic world (Katzner, 2002, p.39). It is also commonly used in the domains of the internet, international mass media and entertainment (Phillipson 1992). Crystal (1997, p.22) states that the speed with which a global language scenario has arisen is truly remarkable. The so called Expanding Circle of foreign language speakers included more than 750 million EFL speakers in 1997, compared to 375 million first language speakers and 375 million second language speakers. It is important to point out that the number of English users is developing at a faster rate as a language of international communication than as a language of intranational communication (Thesis, 2009). International communicat ion has become a common phenomenon between the circles and the increased mobility of people has made personal relationships across language borders (Thesis, 2009). Kachrus concentric circles seem to acknowledge diversity but little commonality across Englishes, describing the English varieties as separate (Burt, 2005). Due to the increasing international communication, the distinction between the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle becomes fuzzy and cannot account for the growing use of English in todays world. In the Kachrus model, the Expanding Circle refers to the territories where English is learnt as a foreign language. However, because of the growth of English, the language has become a necessity in todays world; English is not only learnt in the expanding circle, or even mostly, to enable communication with the Inner and Outer Circles (Patil, 2006). The importance of English is keep increasing in the world, especially in the Expanding Circle. As a result, learning English can no longer be seen as learning a foreign language in the traditional sense (Patil, 2006). Graddol (2006) has even argued that knowing English has become a basic skill in the global world. Nunan shares the same feeling with Graddol that knowing English makes more sense than simply learning English for EFL or ESL (Robertson, 2005). The functions of English are highly restricted in the Expanding Circle which can not reflect the actual use of English. Englishes in the Expanding Circle are seen as far removed from the Inner Circle core and marginalized. As the description of the Expanding Circle mentioned in Kachru (1992), The performance varieties of English have a highly restricted functional range in specific contexts; for example, those of tourism, commerce, and other international transactions. In fact, the range of English use in the Expanding Circle has become much wider due to the increasing growth of English. There is much more use of English nowadays in some countries of the expanding circle, where it is only a foreign language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, than in some of the countries where it has traditionally held a special place (Crystal, 1997, p. 56). For example, although Egyptian English is classified in the Expanding Circle, there are a number of Egyptian contexts, such as medicine, higher education, the sci ences, or in tourism, which extend limbs into the Outer circle as well. (Yoneoka, 2002). The above example shows that the functions of Expanding Circle English today are not as restricted as Karchru mentioned. It can be observed that there is a merging of the Outer and Expanding Circles. The Three-circle Model implies that the Outer Circle cannot merge into the Inner Circle (Patil, 2006). However, sometimes it is difficult to define which one owns English as the first language and which one knows English as a second language. There are several countries where population movement, language loss, divergent language attitudes, and massive shifts in language use have made it difficult to answer the question: What is your first language?(Crystal, 1995, p. 363). Therefore, not only the classification between the Outer and Expanding Circles, that between Inner Circle and Outer Circles can also be tough. Some researchers suggest that Kachrus Three-circle Model should not base the classification of English speakers on national identity. National identity should not be a basis of classification of speakers of an international language. The more English becomes an international language, the more the division of its speakers into native and nonnative becomes inconsistent. (Brutt-Griffler and Samimy, 2001, p.104). Refer to this problem; Rajadurai (2005) has presented a different Three-Circle Model: While acknowledging the fuzzy distinctions between circles, in principle, the inner circle could comprise all users who are proficient in English and able to instinctively codeswitch between international and national or regional varieties to communicate in the most appropriate way. The second circle could consist of speakers who are proficient only in regional varieties, i.e. native and nonnative speakers with restricted intranational proficiency, while the outer circle could be made up of le arners of the language. Although English native speakers visually do not have higher hierarchy since they are not placed at the top of the Three-circle Model, it still prefers the English native speakers in the inner circle. As Burt (2005) comments, the Inner Circle clearly establishes at the top of the hierarchy. The idea that English is someones second language implies that it is someone elses first language. It gives the impression that English belongs to the native speaker who owns it as his first language. Kachru has acknowledged that it is almost unavoidable that anyone would take second as less worthy (Kachru and Nelson, 1996, p.79). In order to ease the problem, Yano (2001, p.122-123) has suggested that the ENL and ESL circles can merge into a single ENL circle with two sets of varieties: genetic and functional ENL. To conclude, Kachru Three-Circle model has limitations to reflect the reality of English use. The model is oversimplified and the classification among the three circles is fuzzy. In fact, the three varieties are mutually inclusive and grey areas exist. Due to the rapid growth of English, English status has increased in the Expanding Circle. English is not only learnt but more widely used in different settings. The classification between the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle becomes difficult. Therefore, the Three-circle Model should be modified to a more dynamic one to represent the actual use of English. Instead of categorizing the English speakers based on national identity, the revised model can be classified in terms of the English proficiency in international and regional varieties. More research related to World Englishes should also be conducted in the future to meet the rapid growth of English.

Social Work Interventions and Strategies to promote Health Rights ? A Panel Discussion :: essays research papers

Social Work Interventions and Strategies to promote Health Rights –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Panel Discussion Ragland Remo Paul* Introduction: Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the General Assembly of the United Nations on the 10th December 1948 states as follows; â€Å"(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.† This is the basis on which the concept note of this conference has been formulated. People’s Health Assembly on the 8th December 2000 endorsed the People’s Charter for Health, which states as follows, â€Å"HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT – Health is a reflection of a society’s commitment to equity and justice. Health and human rights should prevail over economic and political concerns. This Charter calls on people of the world to: 9. Support all attempts to implement the right to health. 10. Demand that governments and international organizations reformulate, implement and enforce policies and practices, which respect the right to health. 11. Build broad-based popular movements to pressure governments to incorporate health and human rights into national constitutions and legislation. 12. Fight the exploitation of people’s health needs for purposes of profit.† Violations or non-existence of human rights and in specific in health rights is not a result of any single factor. Health is not merely a physical issue. It is a social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right. Inequality, poverty, exploitation, violence and injustice have been instrumental in the violation of health rights for the poor and marginalized (and in some cases the rich and those with access to health care.) Here today at this panel discussion we are going to try and explore the interventions and strategies that we as social workers can do to promote health rights. This paper does not claim to provide for the entire list of interventions and strategies to promote health rights, but will certainly look at some critical areas. The main attempt of this paper is to set our minds thinking in this critical area of human rights, to innovate and formulate strategies to promote health rights.

Attending Skills Essay

Bolton, in his book People Skills (1979), describes attending as giving all of your physical attention to another person. The process of attending, whether you realize it or not, has a considerable impact on the quality of communication that goes on between two people. For example, by attending you are saying to the other person â€Å"I am intersted in what you have to say†, however, a lack of good attending communicates that â€Å"I really don’t care about what you have to say. † The body can be used as a tool to facilitate good communication. This is done through positioning the parts of the body so that they invite and hold an interpersonal relation. A relaxed alertness expressed by body posture seems best suited for fostering good communication. Bolton offers these suggestions to establish a posture of involvment: * Lean toward the speaker. This will communicate energy and attentiveness. * Face the other squarly (i. e. , your right sholuder to the speakers left). This communicates your involvment. It is especially important for you to position yourself so that you are at eye level with the speaker if you are seen as a authority figure. This will circumnavigate feelings of threat and can greatly aid in forming an interpersonal relationship. * Maintaining an open posture is also important for fostering interpersonal relatedness. A closed posture (i. e. , crossed arms and or legs) often communicates coldness and defensiveness. * You also need to be aware of your proximity to the speaker. We all have a concept of â€Å"personal space. † When those boundaries are crossed it puts the other on the defensive and makes them feel uncomfortable. However, to much distance communicates aloofness and disconectedness. Body motion, it’s a funny thing! Have you ever paid attention to what your hands were doing during the course of a conversation? Some of us simply shove them in our pockets or let them hang aimlessly by our sides. Then there are others, like me, who tend to fling them around as if to place some kind of emphasis on each word! There is such a thing as too little and too much. Body motion is good but it can be over done if you are not careful. The purpose of gesturing when you are listening is to encourage the speaker to continue speaking. This can most easily be done with a periodic head nod. A good listener moves his or her body in response to the speaker. Effective eye contact says that you are visually attuned to what the speaker is saying. Good eye contact involves focusing on the speakers face and occasionally shifting the focus to other parts of the body. The key is that the other is aware that they have your attention because your eyes are â€Å"on them†. Good eye contact should seem natural to the other person. What ever you do, don’t â€Å"stare them down. † This makes you seem anxious and sometimes critical of them. The environment where the communication takes place is also an important factor in whether an interpersonal relationship can be formed. It is not always posible to move the conversation into a private room or office, but every attempt should be made to reduce the number of distractions that are present. In his book, The Skilled Helper (1998), Gerad Egan offers what he has labled the Micro Skills of Attending. The are very close to the infomation I have presented above from Bolton’s People Skills. He has developed the following acronym to help counseling students remeber these vital skills in communication. The listener has a specific responsibility in the course of communication. That is to stay out of the speakers way and to try and follow where he or she is leading. The goal of listening is not responding but understanding what is trying to be communicated. A door opener is a noncoercive inivitation to talk. Sometimes door openers are not necessay to â€Å"get the ball rolling†, but may be needed later in the conversation if the speaker does not seem to want to continue. Door openers don’t have to be verbal cues, a good listener can also use his or her body to send the signal â€Å"I am interested, you have my attention, please tell me more. The â€Å"four elements† of a door opener, as discussed, by Bolton are; (1) A discription of the other person’s body language (i. e. , you don’t look like you are feeling well today. ) (2) An invitation to talk (3) Silence (to give the other person time to decide if they want to talk and what they are going to say. ) (4) Attending (this inclueds all of the attending skills that are discused on the attending skills page. ) What on earth are â€Å"minimal encourages? † In the attempt to follow it is important not to become a nonparticipant in the conversation. Minimal encourages refers to the amount the listener speakes and the amount of direction the listener gives to the conversation, which should be very little. Sometimes encouragement is needed but the speaker needs to remain in control of the conversation. The same is true for questioning as is for encouraging. The problem is not questioning itself but the fact that most people do not do it well. Most people ask closed questions that only require specific and short answers such as â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no. † The trick is to ask open questions that are designed to spur the conversation on when it gets stuck. This means that questioning will be relatively infrequent. Finally, attentive silence is one of the most important elements in following the listener. We live in a culture in which silence is not comfortable. We often inturpert it as a cue that we need to jump in and say something. In fact, silence is an opportunity for the speaker to reflect on what he or she has said and to gather their thoughts before their next statment. What we say is not as important as giving the speaker the time he or she needs to clearly communicate their point. An important aspect of listening is to help the listner clarify his or her communication so that they can get their meaning across. To practice reflective listening is to serve as a mirror for the person speaking. One way that the speaker can do this is through paraphrasing. A paraphrase is a conscise response to the speaker that restates the essence of the communication in the listener’s own words. The paraphrase deals with facts or ideas and not the emotions. In this respect it focuses the content of the speakers message. Another aspect of reflecting is the mirroring back of the speaker’s emotions as they make their statments. It is important to tune into the speaker’s emotions. If we, as listeners, miss the feeling content we have missed a major part of the speaker’s reaction and experience. Reflecting feelings also give the speaker an opportunity to evaluate how he or she is responding to a problem situation. Not only should the listener reflect feeling, he or she also needs to reflect meaning. Content + feeling = meaning. Sounds simple, doesn’t it? But, if you get the feelings wrong or the content wrong then you can’t understand the speaker. Reflecting meaning alows you to be sure you are â€Å"getting† what the speaker is saying. Reflecting feeling and content are the baby steps to reflecting meaning. Meaning expression can use the basic empathic formula; you feel _______ because _________ , or some variation on this formla. After a while the formula will disaper and a natural empathic responding style will develop. Finally, there is the concept of sumative reflections. This reflective response is designed to recap the major themes of the conversation and comes after an extended period of the conversation. During the course of the conversation bits of useless information can acrue. The sumation can serve to help the speaker to sort through the litter and to construct a more complete and compact conceptualization of the issue being discussed.

‘Of Mice and Men’ †Are all the characters in this novel lonely? Essay

‘Of Mice and Men’ is set in California during the mid 1930s. Before 1930 people in California used to live together happily as families and used to lead a relatively normal life, however in 1929 the collapse of the New York stock market meant that one and a half million people became unemployed rising to three million by 1930 – this was called the ‘Wall Street Crash’. This depression made caused families to break up as many people (mainly men) to go elsewhere to find work and earn a living. Consequently there was a breakdown in American society. Steinbeck worked briefly as a ranch worker himself and most of his early books, including ‘Of Mice and Men’, were concerned with social issues of the day. Steinbeck was a realist and in his novels he presents the poor and disadvantaged sympathetically. His work made him unpopular with exploitative employers and landowners whom he held responsible for perpetuating the cycle of poverty and deprivation created by the ‘Depression’. The novel was very successful in explaining the needs of people who are lonely and maybe have no friends or family. It also looks at the need to have a friend or dream to support you through life. The different relationships and characters in the novel represent loneliness and realism with nearly every person holding a dream. The first couple we come across in this novel is George and Lennie; these two friends travel together and are very close, they have each other. Lennie is mentally handicapped and relies very much on George to make decisions for him. George however is stronger mentally and has a lot of power over Lennie although he relies on Lennie to keep him company and safe. â€Å"They had walked in single file down the path, and even in the open one stayed behind the other†, this quotation represents the power within their relationship; George is the leader and has psychological control over Lennie. Their friendship is like a father and son relationship, George dominates Lennie and sometimes teaches him a lesson â€Å"You never oughta drink water when it ain’t running, Lennie†, but is still always nice to him â€Å"Good boy†. George grows close to Lennie despite the trouble Lennie’s innocence and strength brings on them both. George is Lennies defender-protecting him from others and himself. Ironically in the first chapter George explains that he could â€Å"get along so easy and so nice if I didn’t have you on my tail. I could live so easy and maybe have a girl†, he describes the stress and annoyance of having to look after Lennie. Ironically George explains he wants this but when he is forced to shoot Lennie in the final chapter he becomes lonely. George shoots Lennie when they are at their closest time yet, he describes to Lennie their dream that he loves to hear; the dream comforts Lennie like a bedtime story. This dream eventually dies with Lennie and is the biggest sacrifice George has to make – killing his own company and the person he loves most. This shows John Steinbeck’s realistic approach to this novel; people’s lives don’t always live happily ever after and many dreams don’t always become a reality, especially not in the 1930s. Candy is an old disabled â€Å"swamper† on the ranch. He lost his right hand in a farm accident and now is reduced to worst job on the ranch; a cleaner. He has lost control of his life and is devoted to his dog. His dog is his only friend and when this dog dies we see he is human with emotions, and these people are worthy of respect. When Candy’s ancient, ill dog was shot, Candy has nothing left. He delayed killing the dog, even though he knew deep down that it was the best thing, as he dreaded losing his long-time companion. Candy after having nothing in life to live for, decides to join George and Lennie in their dream, his funds would make the dream possible. Candy and his dog’s relationship is parallel to the one with George and Lennie’s; George relies on Lennie, Lennie relies on George and Candy and his dog rely on each other too. Their relationship also foreshadows George and Lennie’s – Candy regrets not shooting his dog himself, â€Å"I ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog†, this is foreshadowing the end of the novel where George knows he had to shoot Lennie. They both lost their loved ones. Curley (the boss’s son) and his wife do not get on very well; Curley only has a wife for power and for him to look successful in life. Curley’s wife is married to a man she doesn’t love and who doesn’t love her. She has very little respect of Curley â€Å"I’d like to bust him up myself†, and only marries him to get back at her mother for not letting her fulfil her dream to become a movie star which someone had promised her in the past â€Å"An’ a guy tol’ me he could put me in pitchers†¦..Says I was a natural†. As soon as the reader meets Curley’s wife they get a very bad impression of her, â€Å"†¦the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off†, this is both literal and metaphorical foreshadowing; she is cutting off the light in the door so all of the men look up to her, it is metaphorical foreshadowing giving the impression that she is trouble. This means that throughout the novel she is disliked by the reader causing her to be even lonelier. By marrying Curley she has become very isolated becoming the only woman on the ranch; she turns to outsiders for attention and tries to befriend the men by hanging round the bunkhouse. Curley’s wife is just like Lennie, Crooks and Candy as they have been left behind on a Saturday night- the rejects on the ranch. Curley’s wife has no friends and even admits to being lonely seeing that she is not really looking for Curley; she just wants to talk with someone â€Å"Think I don’t know where they all went? Even Curley. I know where they all went.† But although being forlorn she still has a lot of power over the other ranch workers being the boss’ son’s wife, we see this power when she reminds Crooks of how much authority she has over him â€Å"I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny†; she exercises her power threatening Crooks with death. Like Candy, being a social outcast, Crooks is the loneliest person on the ranch. Crooks lives in enforced solitude, away from the other men. He is bitter about being a back-busted â€Å"nigger†. He is racially discriminated against being referred to as a â€Å"nigger†; people also have no respect for him because of him being black and consequently lives in the barn by himself. He cannot get away from this prejudice as not other ranch would take him for the reason that he is black, crippled and old. Steinbeck describes his barn (the place where he lives and spends most of his time): â€Å"for being alone, Crooks could leave his things about†. Crooks is extremely lonely, all he has is books and his rights; he believes that every human being should have his rights whichever race they may be. When Lennie joins Crooks in this barn, Crooks starts to tease him, this is the only time he has power over someone and is in control. He can make Lennie afraid as he does not understand, Crooks makes Lennie feel like he does now even though Lennie has done nothing wrong â€Å"S’pose you didn’t have nobody†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦S’pose George don’t come back no more† Lennie is terrified of being alone and is helpless without George. Crooks is very twisted due to his loneliness; â€Å"Books ain’t no good. A guy needs somebody – to be near him†¦A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody†, but is very pleased when Lennie and Candy join him in his barn â€Å"It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger†. All through the novel Crooks has a dream of being seen as equal to everyone else. He knows his civil rights and remembers fondly his childhood, when he played with white children who came to his family’s chicken ranch. Crooks longs for a similar relationship with white people again. He dismisses the fact that George, Lennie’s and Candy’s dream will come true â€Å"I see hundreds of men come by on the road an’ on the ranches with bindles on their back an’ that same damn thing in their heads. Hundreds of them†¦nobody never gets no land. It’s just in their head.’ But when Candy explains that they’ve got the money ready and that they are very enthusiastic about achieving this dream then Crooks gets interested â€Å"If you†¦.guys would want a hand to work for nothing-just his keep, why I’d come an’ lend a hand.† A new friendship is just about to develop but Curley’s wife then enters and diverts all attention to her, putting an end to Crooks’ new friendship and dream. John Steinbeck is a realist and illustrates his views in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’. The different character’s lifestyles and personalities in this novel represent what existence was like in the 1930s after the Wall Street Crash. Steinbeck supported social justice and equality for the working classes and so uses realism in his writing. He shows ordinary, everyday details, and makes characters speak and behave as they might do in real life. We see this particularly in how his characters are revealed through dialogue â€Å"She had full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her finger-nails were red. Her hair hung up in little rolled clusters, like sausages†. In his use of realism he portrays a sense of fate; whatever the characters do they are at the mercy of outside influences beyond their control, so attempts to improve their lives will fail. We see this use of realism in George and Lennie’s dream; the couple have done nothing wrong but the injustice of outside causes prevents them from holding on to this dream. Not all the characters are throughout this novel but all of them come about to be lonely at the end; George and Lennie have each other with the dream of starting a new life in a little cottage of their own, we only know till the very end that this dream can no longer take place with the loss of Lennie and therefore causing George to be lonely. Curley and his wife have each other even though not really speaking to each other much, Curely’s wife could be considered lonely as the reader never sees her with Curley but always hanging around looking to talk to someone. Candy did have his dog to rely on and to trust but when he died then he soon found himself becoming lonely and looking to others for attention and Crooks was also lonely throughout the novel being racially discriminated against by all other ranch workers; he was an outsider. Characters on the ranch in this novel are lonely and hold a dream to keep themselves calm and for something to hold onto, seeing that they have no friends they need to look to something to keep them happy and sane. Steinbeck worked on a ranch within the 1930s and must have seen how ranch workers behaved and how lonely they can feel. He has been in a position of a ranch worker and has expressed his feeling of loneliness and dream worthy within this novel, his realism has caused nearly all characters to be lonely at the end of the novel.