Should Forgiveness Be Conditional Philosophy Essay

Should Forgiveness Be Conditional Philosophy Essay The concept of forgiveness has been a central concern to individuals and communities throughout history. Present in theological ideas, the concept of forgiveness is widespread and has greatly influenced our moral attitudes towards one another and how we react when we have been offended . The standard definition in the Oxford English Dictionary for forgiveness states  ¿Ã‚ ½may be forgiven, pardonable, excusable ¿Ã‚ ½ (Hughes, 2010). However, by merely pardoning or excusing the offender, without them taking accountability for their action, can dismiss the moral significance and psychological emotions of the victim. I shall argue, with reference to Charles Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s book Forgiveness: A Philosophical Exploration, that the process of forgiveness is restorative. Forgiving has the ability to reunite a relationship disrupted by someone ¿Ã‚ ½s wrongdoing as well as aid in letting go ones negative feelings and hostility towards the offender. I will explore Bishop Butlers understanding of forgiveness, which is incompatible with my view of forgiveness. Thus I shall argue that forgiveness is only possible when conditional on repentance. I shall propose Professor Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s conditions which need to be fulfilled in order for forgiveness to be completely satisfied, whilst providing a counterexample in support of those who forgive unconditionally. Ultimately, I will conclude in support of conditional forgiveness as I would have demonstrated how unconditional forgiveness can understate the moral significance of the victim as well as the moral importance of the action. Bishop Joseph Butler understands forgiveness as the  ¿Ã‚ ½forswearing of resentment ¿Ã‚ ½ (Murphy, 1988, p.1). He treats resentment as indignation due to a moral wrong to oneself. According to Butler, forgiveness is compatible with some degree of continuous rage towards the wrongdoer for their action. Therefore, forswearing resentment does  ¿Ã‚ ½not require giving up every negative feeling associated with the injurious event ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold,2007,p.41) He argues instead, moderated resentment is necessary as it helps us to recognize the level of injury caused to us whilst also serving as a suitable response towards the wrongdoer for their action. For Butler, resentment is not inconsistent with goodwill and  ¿Ã‚ ½we may therefore love our enemy ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.36) despite their actions towards us. Thus it seems Bishop Butler does not require the offender to meet conditions to gain the victims forgiveness,  ¿Ã‚ ½Because we are in need of forgiveness, consistency de mands that we be forgiving of others. ¿Ã‚ ½(Griswold, 2007, p.36). However, claiming to have forgiven your wrongdoer whilst holding a proportionate amount of resentment towards them seems counter-intuitive. I feel that in order to fully forgive someone, resentment has to be overcome in order to rid any hostility, moral hatred, and negative feelings towards the offender. Forgiveness benefits the wrongdoers as well as the victim, helping them to alleviate guilt and blame, thereby helping them to move forward in their lives and not reoffend. If resentment is consistent with goodwill, as Butler argues it is, the process is compromised and forgiveness for neither persons cannot be achieved. Instead, the injurer should make a conscious effort to ensure forgiveness is fulfilled, which requires attempting to abolish any resentment the victim bears towards them. If not, the victim has to accept they have been wronged and begin to deal with the pain of their injury, psychologically and physically, without the satisfaction of knowing their offender has repente d for their action. Bishop Butler thus understates the importance of forgiveness as a process the victim must go through to overcome their resentment and psychological hostility. Forgiveness should require modifying and changing ones moral judgements about the offender, through a process which makes them deserving of the victim ¿Ã‚ ½s compassion. Without this process the emotional complexity of forgiveness is lost. Unlike Butler, Charles Griswold argues that forgiveness aims to relinquish resentment whilst ensuring the offender is held accountable. He believes that although forgiveness is generally good and admirable there are circumstances which prohibit giving forgiveness to the offender, especially when the offender is unrepentant of their sins. For Griswold, forgiveness is not meant as a  ¿Ã‚ ½therapeutic program ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.54) instead the conditions he outlines are  ¿Ã‚ ½conditions of a moral nature ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold,2007, p.54) meant to alter ones moral judgments of a person, and help to improve the victims view of the wrongdoer. Once these conditions have been met the offender is entitled to forgiveness from the victim (Griswold, 2007, p.47) On this view, forgiveness cannot be seen as a  ¿Ã‚ ½gift to the offender ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.67) which is given freely without having met certain criteria which repudiates ones wrong doing. Forgiveness is therefore condit ional on repentance otherwise it  ¿Ã‚ ½would collapse into forgetting, or excusing, or rationalisation. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.46). Professor Griswold believes  ¿Ã‚ ½forgiveness requires reciprocity between injurer and injured ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p. xvi) which can be achieved through satisfying the six conditions he outlines.  ¿Ã‚ ½Firstly, it is important that the wrongdoer takes responsibility for their action, Secondly, ensure they repudiate the deed, Third, regret their action, Fourth, commit to being a better person, Fifth, show understanding from the injured person ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, and lastly, offer a narrative of why they are worthy of the victims forgiveness by showing they are committed to changing their ways ,as well as committing to fully letting go of resentment ¿Ã‚ ½. (Griswold, 2007, pp.48 52) These conditions, when fulfilled, will reunite mutual respect and acknowledgment between the wrongdoer and aid in the return to the  ¿Ã‚ ½minimal state of civility before the injury was done ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griwold, 2007, p.49). However, Griswold argues forgiveness is only possible if the offender has become morally changed through meeting these conditions (Griswold, 2007, p.49). Conditional forgiveness is necessary as forgiving the offender without requiring anything from them conveys to them, and the rest of the public, they are not responsible for their action. If the offender is unrepentant of their sins, they have not been morally changed, and for that reason we would not know if the offender would recommit their wrongdoing in the future. Unconditional forgiveness denies all requirements for the offender to take responsibility for their action or try to repudiate their wrongdoing. Therefore I feel it downplays the moral significance of the event as it fails to endorse the extent of the offender ¿Ã‚ ½s moral wrongdoings. It also allows the offender to dismiss the harm to the victim which denies them respect for the wrongdoing against them. If the offender takes responsibility for their action and commi ts to becoming a better person, then they become worthy of the victims forgiveness. In agreement with Griswold, I feel forgiveness should only be given once the offender repents for their sins. Without doing so, it  ¿Ã‚ ½adds insult to the injury so far as the victim is concerned ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.49). In fulfilling the conditions of forgiveness, the offender comes to understand and accept what morality requires of him. If he does not, the wrongdoer may never understand the moral significance of the act, pretending the injustice upon the victim does not carry any importance. . The conditions Professor Griswold outlines aim to show that forgiveness should not be freely given as a gift. The conditions are important because a wrong should not be disregarded, and if forgiveness is unconditional, the offender carries no moral weight for their action. Overcoming resentment and being able to forgive the offender may end psychological discomfort the victim longed for, only achievable through the repentance of the offender. Katie Hutchinson from Victoria Island Canada finally found peace after her husband ¿Ã‚ ½s killer confessed to the murder 4 years later and apologised to her. Only then was she able to forgive him and begin her healing process which finally allowed her to let go of the moral hatred which grew inside her. Similarly, it allowed her husband ¿Ã‚ ½s killer to understand the extent of his crime as he had the opportunity to directly relate to his victims hurt and anger. Forgiveness was conditional on his apology and confession which due to this, bot h parties psychologically benefitted. Forgiveness said nothing less about her feelings towards her husband, or how profound his murder was, it  ¿Ã‚ ½became an opportunity to create a new and hopeful beginning ¿Ã‚ ½ (Hutchinson, 2011). The murderer was not let off the moral hook and the moral significance of the action remained a crucial feature in their lives. As the offender did not demand forgiveness or had been given it freely as a gift, the victims self-respect was maintained, which like Griswold, I feel is lost in unconditional forgiveness. On this account of forgiveness, the moral significance of the action was not downplayed, and the self respect of the victim was maintained. The offender takes responsibility for their actions but also begins to amend the harm caused. Giving up resentment through a process in which the perpetrator satisfy ¿Ã‚ ½s conditions seems a necessary requirement in achieving forgiveness as an end, especially if the offender is alive and willing to repent. Thus conditional forgiveness avoids the main objections which apply to unconditional forgiveness. But, what happens with the offender is deceased or unrepentant? Should forgiveness still be conditional? Professor Griswold argues that  ¿Ã‚ ½if the forgiveness is unconditional, the intrinsically interpersonal character of forgiveness is lost ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.64). I accept this assertion on the grounds that as there is no face to face interaction in the process, the victim may not gain full satisfaction from forgiving unconditionally. Yet Griswold allows forgiveness to be granted to the deceased without having carried out his six conditions. Forgiveness is possible if you are able to plausibly construct a scenario of what that person would do if you were to meet in the circumstances where they were repentant for their wrongdoing. Constructing a narrative on the reasons for forgiving the offender and why they deserve forgiveness may involve  ¿Ã‚ ½gathering data ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.120) of why that person acted as they had done or indicate issues in the offenders past which caused or influenced them to commit this offence. Once understood, the victim can come to feel respected and let go of any resentment they may have towards the offender (Griswold, 2007, p.121). Once the victim sees the forgiver in a new light, forgiveness can truly be fulfilled. Forgiveness, in this case, may be  ¿Ã‚ ½lacking or imperfect relative to the paradigm, ¿Ã‚ ½(Griswold, 2007, p. xvi) however, this does not rule out the central role forgiveness plays in letting go the negative feelings and resentment one may hold against the offender. On the contrary, there are several non-paradigmatic cases in which unconditional forgiveness is essential in the natural process of psychological recovery. A counter- example to Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s conditional forgiveness can be demonstrated through the unconditional forgiveness given by the Pennsylvanian community. On May 16th 2007, 32 students were shot dead by a former student whilst many others were severely wounded on the campus of Virginia Tech University, USA. Before committing suicide, the former Virginia tech student had sent a manifesto to NBC news which stated that he believed his injurious and merciless act was benefitting the community in some way. Shortly after the shooting ended, the hurt was felt universally. A candle lighting memorial ceremony was conducted and thousands of people flocked together in support of those who were killed. Shockingly, amongst the tears and sorrow, banners were held by parents and students stating  ¿Ã‚ ½we forgive you ¿Ã‚ ½. Surely this forgiveness would deny the self respect and moral dignity of the victims? I argue against Griswold, demonstrating that there are circumstances which unconditional forgiveness does not collapse into condemnation. Although not always desirable, it is possible to forgive someone whilst continuing to pronounce indignation towards the offender, especially if this gives them psychological tranquillity through doing so. The Pennsylvanian community should not be regarded as weak or mentally deficient for forgiving the killer, instead they should be appraised and admired for their love and ability to forgive in such difficult circumstances. Although Griswold suggests  ¿Ã‚ ½to forgive someone undeserving of the honour, under the banner of a  ¿Ã‚ ½gift, ¿Ã‚ ½ may condone the wrong-doer, and even provide encouragement to more offenses ¿Ã‚ ½ (Griswold, 2007, p.63) he fails to consider those who do not condone their actions and will continue to voice their anger towards such cr imes against humanity. Forgiving unconditionally may be a difficult thing to do, but letting go of psychological hatred whilst fighting for justice is possible. Unconditional forgiveness  ¿Ã‚ ½is compatible with outright condemnation of the wrongdoing and a determination to fight against it, and thus with maintaining self-respect ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.6) If the wrongdoing is not overlooked, and the full extent of the crime is widely understood and not downplayed, I feel no reason to contest against the satisfaction the injured party gains through forgiving unconditionally. It is a personal option, experienced by only the person giving it. Thus Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument is unsound. He cannot dictate to those who forgive unconditionally their forgiveness is flawed, as he does not know or understand their reasoning for forgiving. Whether someone  ¿Ã‚ ½deserves ¿Ã‚ ½ forgiveness is completely subjective and questionable. He makes a generalisation which is not n ecessarily true. If forgiving unconditionally allows the victim to overcome resentment and their negative emotions, then so be it. Forgiving the offender can sometimes only be possible if the forgiveness is given without requirements. In the previous example the killer thought he was doing good, so carrying out Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s six conditions in which a scenario with the killer is imagined, would in this case, lead to further anger, resentment and moral hatred, instead of abolishing these negative emotions. Unconditional forgiveness is needed for the same reasons Professor Griswold gives for reciprocal forgiveness. Without unconditional forgiveness how would we re-establish trust in man-kind, ensuring we do not lose hope or happiness for the future after such tragic losses? There are positive reasons for forgiving even the unrepentant. Vengefulness and moral hatred are minimised whilst a sense of human solidarity increases. Gerrard and McNaughton strongly endorse this view of unconditional forgiveness, arguing that as we are members of the same species, in a  ¿Ã‚ ½shared human community, like a shared membership of a family, provides reason alone for forgiveness ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.10). They defend their view by arguing that if we are to produce a sense of commonality, we have to realise that sometimes circumstances are difficult, and if  ¿Ã‚ ½circumstances would have been less favourableI might have become the kind of person who acted in this way ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, p.11) Monstrous as the perpetrators may be, they still share the same characteristics as us. The human condition is sometimes fragile, easily manipulated, or clouded by false information and judgments leading us to act in terrible ways. But in some cases it is possible to see how the offender came to be or act in that way. Griswold does, to some extent, endorse this view in his conditional forgive ness for the deceased. He suggests by constructing a narrative about the offender, it is possible to find an indication why they have committed the offence (Griswold, 2007, p.121). In the example of the University shootings, it was soon discovered that the student had several mental disorders which triggered him to act irrationally and violently. Although his actions should not be condoned, based on the presence of a mental disorder, it does somehow allow us to understand the killer, and alleviate some of the anger and resentment we have towards him. If we somehow put ourselves in his shoes, perhaps we can relate to his sorrow, misery and anger towards the world. We all have the capacity to morally wrong someone, and if circumstances were different we too would be in need of forgiveness. (Gerrard and McNaughton, 2003, 11) I do not deny the fact the killer was deceased played an important part in the community ¿Ã‚ ½s ability to forgive unconditionally. Had the killer been alive, I doubt they would have given their forgiveness so readily without his repentance. Nonetheless, unconditional forgiveness has allowed them to relieve hostile feelings, reconcile their trust in man-kind, maintain self-respect and ensure the moral significance of the action was maintained. If we take forgiveness to be a process which the injured party must go through in order to overcome negative emotions, then unconditional forgiveness has the ability to do so. To recall Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument, condoning the crimes of the unrepentant would demonstrate to others they are not accountable for their actions. By forswearing revenge and committing to let go of resentment, the Pennsylvanian community hardly demonstrated to others that by committing such crimes you will not be held responsible. They do not condone his actions and never will. If the killer were alive they would have demanded justice. Letting go of your anger does not let the offender off the moral hook. Thus, I have shown unconditional forgiveness does not necessarily collapse into condemnation. I shall note that Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s approach to the topic is secular. Although he focuses on secular forgiveness he does not deny the widespread role of forgiveness in Christian and Judaic narrative. For people who are religious, the process of forgiveness can be easier and less complicated as their religion requires they be forgiving no matter what. Religious forgiveness about believes, having faith in God, yourself and man-kind. It is difficult to interpret whether God ¿Ã‚ ½s forgiveness is conditional or unconditional as this view differs amongst spectators. I do however argue that whether forgiveness is conditional or unconditional, forgiveness is always good and admirable. The benefits one gains from forgiving are more important than the process one goes through in order to get to the desired end. Whether or not forgiveness should be conditional ultimately lies with the decision of the injured person. Both conditional forgiveness and unconditional forgiveness have benefits which help re-establish a relationship harmed by someone ¿Ã‚ ½s wrongdoing. However, I do support Professor Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument that when the offender is alive, and unrepentant, he is not worthy of your forgiveness. But, this does not mean that forgiveness should not be granted, if in doing so, allows you to let go of the psychological hatred which consumes you. Unconditional forgiveness certainly has the same benefits of reciprocal conditional forgiveness. It does however seem a common type of forgiveness given more readily when the perpetrator is deceased. Enmity and abomination are far worse than human solidarity and peacefulness. Generally speaking, if the offender is alive, forgiveness should be conditional on the offenders repentance otherwise it is possible the moral significance of the victi m and moral importance of the event is understated. If however, the perpetrator is deceased Professor Griswold ¿Ã‚ ½s argument no longer suffices. Everyone has their own reasons to forgive but if forgiveness is to be truly fulfilled and satisfied, the offender should, at the very minimum, take responsibility for their actions and try to repudiate their wrongdoing.

A Short Essay about ERP

Paper 1 by steven ERP is short for enterprise resource planning which is designed to improve both external customer relationship s and internal collaborations by automating tasks and activities that streamline work process, shorten business process cycles, and increase user productivity. ERP software integrated all facets of an operation, including product planning, development, manufacturing processes, sales and marketing. In this short essay, three ERP application softwares from Oracle, Epicor and Netsuite were compared separately in the form of diagram:Product name Oracle ERP(E-business suite) IntroductionOracle ERP is the core software of Oracle E-Business Suite and Oracle EBS is a set of total solution that is based on ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), with the system extended to the customer end, supply chain end and high-level decision support system, which can be called ERP II. Besides including the traditional ERP, which is at the core of the enterprise, Oracle ERP integra tes CRM (Customer Relationship Management), SCM (Supply Chain Management and BI (Business Intelligence). During the ERP project implementation process, the enterprise can best re-engineer itself. With the introduction of the ERP project, the enterprise can inspect various process flows yet again, adjust them to fit in the requirement of future operations and realize those in the system. With the non-stop evolution of the enterprise, the ERP system will have to stay tuned to offer the necessary enterprise operation competitiveness. StructureDevelopment model On premise Server platform Windows Linux Industries Aerospace Automotive Chemical Construction Consumer products Defense Manufacturing Ohter Benefits1. Achieve an end-to-end viewpoint across all business lines 2. Drive performance with consistent financial and operational information 3. Provide every employee with relevant, complete information tailored to his/her role 4. Global operation with local foothold5. Extend global busin ess processes with application integration architecture 6. Non-stop support for your global operations 7. Protect the value of existing investments 8. Extend the value of current applications 9. Help to evolve to the next generationProduct name Epicor ERP Introduction Epicor has over 33,000 customers in over 150 countries and delivers solutions in more than 30 languages. It primarily serves mid-market firms and subsidiaries of major corporations, and is particularly well-suited to companies with 100+ employees. It is used by companies in a wide range of industries including manufacturing, distribution, services, retail and hospitality. StructureDevelopment model On premise SaaS /Online Server platform Windows Linux Cloud Industries Aerospace Automotive Chemical Construction Consumer Products Defense Electronics Engineering Manufacturing Medical Benefits1. Capability: Manage every aspect of your business by taking advantage of powerful features and industry-specific solutions 2. Visi bility: Using a single platform, data is shared across your entire business giving you the visibility and insights you need for effective decisions 3. Efficiency: Streamline your many and varied business processes, reduce manual activities and re-work, and tap into real-time information. 4. Scalability: Provides a strong platform for growth, supporting your business as you grow all the way to the top of the mid-market and above 5. Confidence: Be reassured by over 40 years experience, flexible service-oriented architecture, 24/7 global support, and a large installed base.Product name NetSuite ERP Introduction NetSuite ERP is the world’s most deployed cloud ERP solution. It provides proven financial management and ERP that easily integrate with your broader sales and service processes StructureDevelopment model SaasS/Online Server platform Cloud Industries Manufacturing Non-Profit Retail& Wholesale Service Software Other Benefits 1. Accelerates the order-to cash process by 50%+ 2. Slashes the financial close with real-time reporting 3. Strengthens procurement with approvals and vendor management 4. Improves employee management through self-service 5. Drives decision making with personalized dashboards 6. Improves accountability and compliance with strong traceability 7. Reduces IT costs and delivers automated ERP upgrades 8. Elevates productivity with anytime, anywhere accessFrom the diagram, some facts and information are gathered and listed above. I would recommend NetSuite ERP for the retail industry. The reasons are as follows: As the retail industry, some features give rise to the choice of NetSuite ERP. One feature is that the retail industry has more complicated CRM, inventory and financial management compared with other industries. It faces the terminal buyer directly and needs the instant reaction and update of all the relevant information so as to ensure the normal function of the whole retail system.While, NetSuite has a comprehensive offering of could-based solutions to link every step of a multi-channel retail business. Beside, NetSuite ERP’s cloud server platform means lower costs which also can the reason to choose NetSuite. Furthermore, by checking the benefits of each application software, it’s easy to find that NetSuite is obviously the best choice with more concentration and customization on retail industry.

8 Costumes Will Keep You Bone-Dry This Halloween

Analysis Of The Movie Gojira - 1560 Words

Gojira (a.k.a. Godzilla) has come a long way since its 1954 debut, spawning dozens of increasingly silly sequels and growing into one of the most recognizable franchises to date. However these ridiculous sequels have created a tendency to overlook Ishiro Honda’s â€Å"Gojira† as just another monster movie, but Gojira is much more than that. From a technical perspective, Gojira is a collaborative effort from some of Japans most renowned film makers, most notably film director Ishiro Honda and special effects expert Eiji Tsuburaya. They raised the bar not only from a technical standpoint, with their ingenious use of visual effects and intricate sets, but also helped further a more or less unexplored genre of movie in Japan (and arguably the world) which influenced a whole new generation of films. The film itself acted as a much deeper social commentary for Japan during the post-World War II era - it was a way to discuss what still were taboo subjects at the time. These su bjects were mainly related to the recent nuclear bomb testing and the recent horrors of nuclear warheads the country experienced during World War II. The film itself is far from just another monster movie, as that would require a moster genre to exist beforehand. When Godzilla was released in 1954, monster movies were very rarely made. Content within the movies that were monster genre were to sporadic and inconsistent to deserve a genre of it s own. King Kong was the arguably the first take at a true monsterShow MoreRelatedCultural Implications Of Godzilla Film Analysis1737 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties and build a cultural belief system. Based on the 1954 and 2014 Godzilla movies, analysis will be made on the history as well as the metaphorical/ cultural implication of Godzilla. Analysis will be made on the worlds fascination with Godzilla and the footprints that Godzilla has made in the world, as well as the warning message Godzilla symbolizes. In the original 1954 Godzilla movie, the story line shows a fisherman who was trying to catch fish by an island, rather his line

An Analysis of Stephen Kings Novella Rita Hayworth and...

Shawshank Redemption Courage can be found and proved in any setting, even a prison. Stephen Kings novella Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption is about a man named Andy Dufresne who is arrested, tried, and convicted for the double homicide of his wife and her lover despite the fact that he is innocent. Throughout the story Andy is subjected to abuse after abuse. First he is wrongfully imprisoned. Then he is used by the prison guards and the warden for his financial and business acumen. He is sexually abused by Bogs Diamond and the Sisters. Andy is put in solitary confinement for a period of months which is enough to break any man. Finally, despite the fact that there is proof of his innocence, he is kept in prison because of his usefulness and his knowledge. Despite everything that he goes through in the story, Andy endures and is able to break free from Shawshank Prison and lead a happy existence with his friend Red in Mexico. His character teaches Red through example how to b e strong, to be brave, and how to be a trusting and devoted friend. Andy Dufresne has inner strength and not physical strength. He is able to overcome his adversaries through his intellect and applied knowledge; not through muscle. In situations where brute strength is needed, Andy is not successful, such as trying to ward off the Sisters and Bogs in their gang rapes. Each time he fights Bogs and the sisters to no avail; always being raped but never giving in willingly. When it becomesShow MoreRelatedRita Hayworth And The Shawshank Redemption Analysis1362 Words   |  6 PagesClose Comparative Analysis Of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption and Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption When comparing the ending of Stephen King’s novella, Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption with the ending of the 1994 film adaptation by Frank Darabont, The Shawshank Redemption, there are key differences. These include additions, removals and slight changes in the narrative which arguably make the storyline better suited to the completely different medium

History of Barter System Free Essays

Barter system Barter system is an age-old method that was adopted by people to exchange their services and goods. This system was used for centuries, before the invention of money. People used to exchange the goods or services for other goods or services in return. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Barter System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nowadays, barter services has staged a comeback with the advent of more sophisticated techniques that aid trading through the Internet. During ancient times, barter system was a local phenomenon, which involved people in the same locality. However, today barter system has become global. You can now negotiate with the opposite party, regarding the value of the item you want to barter and vice versa. The advantage of bartering is that it does not involve money. You can buy an item in exchange for some other thing you current . The barter system was one of the earliest forms of trading. History of barter system It facilitated exchange of goods and services, as money was not invented in those times. The history of bartering can be traced back to 6000 BC. It is believed that barter system was introduced by the tribes of Mesopotamia. This system was then adopted by the Phoenicians, who bartered their goods to people in other cities located across the oceans. An improved system of bartering was developed in Babylonia too. People used to exchange their goods for weapons, tea, spices, and food items. Sometimes, even human skulls were used for barter. Another popular item used for exchange was salt. Salt was so valuable at that time, that the salary of Roman soldiers was paid in salt. The main drawback of this system was that there was no standard criteria to determine the value of goods and services, and this resulted in disputes and clashes. These problems were sorted out with the invention of money, but the barter system continued to exist in some form or another. The Europeans started traveling across the globe during the Middle Ages and used barter services to trade their goods like furs and crafts to the East, in exchange of perfumes and silks. People of colonial America did not have enough money for business, which was mainly based on barter services. Most of their business consisted of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), musket balls, etc. They were also experts in exchanging services. If members of one family agreed to help their neighbors in harvesting their crops, the latter would help the former in their task, like roofing their building. The history of barter system can also be linked to the initial years of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where students used to pay their fees as food items, firewood or livestock. Barter services became popular during the Great Depression in the 1930s’, which witnessed a scarcity of money. The barter system was used as a way of obtaining things like food and other services. The trading was done between people or through groups, who acted as agents and facilitated third party bartering. These groups were like banks, where people maintained their accounts. In case of sale of any of the items, the account of the owner would be credited and the account of the buyer would be debited. It is worth mentioning that Adolf Hitler also used barter system to collect money for funding the war. He was engaged in barter trading with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the people of Germany too resorted to bartering, as the German currency had lost its value. Barter system has been in use throughout the world for centuries. The invention of money did not result in the end of bartering services. Sometimes, monetary crises fueled the revival of the barter system, and the current recession has once again set a stage for its comeback. Even though money is there for trading and for business, barter system still exists and has become more strong and organized. ly have, but don’t want. This type of trading can be done through swap markets and online auctions. How to cite History of Barter System, Papers

The Case Study of Dorothy-Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: You are to write an essay which analyses a case study in order to discuss appropriate biopsychosocial factors and nursing management or interventions relevant to that case. Answer: Case study summary The case study refers to a female 29 years old Dorothy who has been a mother for 4 weeks. She underwent too much pain during her delivery since she had a protracted labor after which a forceps delivery was conducted on her. Since then, Dorothy has lost interest in her new born and only tends to her after being pressurized by her husband or mother in law. Dorothy feels that having the child was just too painful. Alan who is her husband is intolerant at her lack of affection for the child. Dorothy has developed post natal depression, feeling tired, insomnia, low tolerance levels, panic, screaming. She has a feeling that her family is not supportive enough. She has then lost appetite and in turn lost weight. Dorothy has also had other factors associated to stress and trauma as discussed in the paper. Introduction Post natal depression is a common cause of psychological disorders alongside other factors in most people. Depression expresses itself in a variety of factors such as lack of sleep, appetite, and weight loss, lack of commitments, trauma, stress, restlessness, drug abuse, suicidal thoughts and pain in various parts of the body among other psychosocial factors. This paper attempts to discuss the appropriate bio psychosocial factors and nursing management interventions related to post natal depression as presented in the case study, and the ethical issues that has erupted from the post natal depression and care (Depression, (2015). Bio psychosocial factors that contribute to depression Post natal depression refers to a kind of depression that develops in women after giving birth to a child. It may also affect fathers and other family members although on very rare cases. There are several causes of depression and it leads to several adverse effects if it is not handled well. Depression is a turmoil influencing state of mind and general self. Lost enthusiasm for exercises or feeling miserable and down are side effects that describe this condition. Despite the fact that the vast majority feel pitiful or down for brief periods, post natal depression is beyond feeling dismal. Depression is a genuine therapeutic condition and individuals for the most part aren't ready to simply get over a depressive state. Untreated depression that can cause adverse conditions such as work issues, strain on connections, medication and drug misuse, self-destructive musings or endeavors among other conditions. Depression occurs to almost all individuals, post natal depression however mostly occurs to women of about 0-1 year after giving. Rubertsson, et al (2014) there are several myths and misconceptions. Most of these range from emotional balance and hormonal influences. The depression may also be caused by pain as presented in the case study. However, there are a variety of causes that are mostly associated with depression. Depression isn't a basic condition with a known reason. A few people are more defenseless to depressive scenes while others are definitely not. Norhayati, et al (2015) explains that heredity is one of the core assertions associated with depression. Depression might be an acquired condition. One may have a higher probability of encountering a depressive issue sooner or later in their life on the off chance that one has a relative who has suffered the same condition. The real qualities included are not known. It's trusted that numerous qualities may play a factor in causing this type of depression. Biochemical reactions are also a common cause of post natal depression in many mothers. A few people have recognizable changes in their brains with discouragement. Despite the fact that this potential reason isn't comprehended, it suggests depression begins with cerebrum work. Few scholars have associated depression with despondency, pain and pleasure that a mother encounters in their life. Neurotransmitters in the cerebrum particularly serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine influence sentiments of bliss and joy and might be out of adjust in individuals with depression argues Goodman, et al (2015). Antidepressants work to adjust these neurotransmitters, for the most part serotonin. Changes in hormone generation or working could prompt the beginning of depressive states. Any adjustments in hormone states including menopause, labor, thyroid issues, or different issue could cause depression. In relation to post natal depression, as is the case of Dorothy, moms create side effects of depression in the wake of conceiving an offspring. It's typical to be enthusiastic due to the evolving hormones, but post birth depression is a genuine condition. As sunlight hours get shorter in the winter, many individuals create sentiments of laziness, tiredness, and lost enthusiasm for ordinary exercises. This condition was called regular full of feeling issue presently it's known as real depressive issue. According to Webb, R., Ayers, S. (2015) situational causes of stress is another major cause of stress. Situations an individual may be having in life may trigger several changes in the emotional wellbeing of an individual. Injury, a major change, or battle in life can trigger an instance of sadness. Losing a friend or family member, being terminated, having monetary inconveniences, or experiencing a genuine change can bigly affect individuals. Situations that trigger emotions may cause depression in mothers for example, change of roles, feelings and attachment to family members. Depression does not just develop. There are several predisposing factors that make it it more likely for some people to suffer from stress other than others. These factors are mostly related to an individual other than general conditions. Some of these conditions include gender where the women are more likely to get depression other than men. Low self-esteem, other mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, drug and substance abuse, having some illnesses or taking various medications may also pre dispose one to depression. Barry, et al (2015) argues that post natal depression expresses itself in three ways. In some women, depression may develop before birth which is commonly known as perinatal depression. However, post natal depression may include maternity blues which is very common. In this type, a mother feels down and depressed a few days after a child is born. This however disappears after a few days. Post natal depression is similar to maternity blues but more serious in terms the period it takes. It can occur at any period in the first year after a mother has had a child. The last type is post natal psychosis. This has also been commonly referred to as post-partum psychosis. Post natal psychosis is commonly rare and exemplifies symptoms of psychosis. Psychosis in major cases begins after a period of two weeks from the birth of a child. Post natal depression may affect women who do not have a period of mental illness as well (Brummelte, Galea, 2016). Nursing management interventions of post natal depression According to Murgatroyd, et al (2015) diagnosis of depression is done through a full examination of the medical history. A patient may be referred to a psychiatrist for an in depth examination of the signs and symptoms of depression at around the pregnancy period. In spite of the fact that there have been a few examinations into avoiding postnatal dejection, there is no proof that there's anything particular one can do to keep the condition growing, aside from keeping up as sound a way of life as one can. There are several treatment options for post natal depression. These treatment options and nursing interventions revolve around medication, psychotherapy and physical fitness of the body. Giving advice counselling and psychotherapy is one of the most important milestones in the event of offering help to troubled clients of such disorders as associated to depression. Strong advising is a treatment for milder types of postnatal depression, where it is as compelling as energizer drug. More particular treatments, for example, intellectual conduct treatment, are exceptionally compelling. Individuals figure out how to utilize their own particular abilities and assets to adapt to stresses and issues. Figueiredo, Canrio, Field, (2014) holds that counseling about postnatal depression can be critical to help the new mother, their family and supporters to comprehend and help in their recuperation. Health professionals should give relevant advice on the various preparedness os such conditions, make recommendations and help clients to overcome their fears and to adapt easily to the new environments. As for the case of Dorothy, the fact that she had stayed for so long without being able to get a child is enough cause for alarm that necessitates psychiatric counseling before and after birth. The counselors should also equip her with a variety of alternatives to ensure that she has enough preparedness to deal with the outcome. The specialist may endorse antidepressants for stress. Finding the correct solution can involve experimentation there is no real way to foresee which drug will be successful and endured by any one individual. The health professional should also put into the after effects and the side effects of various medications that affect the life of the mothers adversely in order to prevent such occurrences. In the case that one is buying medicines from the counter, it is always advisable for one to seek the advice from the specialist before taking on any path of medication. Consequently, it is essential not to quit taking antidepressants all of a sudden without restorative counsel. Correlative treatments are also considered to be effective in treating depression. The term correlative treatment is for the most part used to show treatments and medications that contrast from ordinary western pharmaceutical and that might be utilized to supplement and bolster it. Certain correlative treatments may upgrade life and help one to look after personal physical health (Verreault, et al (2014). Dennis, Dowswell, (2013) explains that physical fitness is one of the most effective non medicinal methods of solving stress and distress in post natal depression patients. It's likewise truly critical to take care of physical wellbeing. It is necessary that Dorothy should engage in rigorous physical exercise and a good diet in order to reduce her stress levels. She should also conduct an examination with the health professionals in order to improve her physical well-being. Ethical implications for post natal depression According to Borra, Iacovou, Sevilla, (2015) the avocation most ordinarily used to join screening is that the potential advantages of recognizing intercession adequacy adjust the danger of individual damage. Be that as it may, impressive dangers do exist. The revelation of new data may bring about further despondency or stresses, individuals may feel loaded, open to additionally chance, uncertain of whether to uncover data to relatives and disillusioned in the event that they are designated to a control gathering. Independence is said to be regarded in light of the fact that members give attention to take an interest. Pediatric experts are being solicited to give an expanding cluster from administrations amid well-kid visits, including screening for psychosocial and family issues that may straightforwardly or by implication influence their pediatric patients. One such administration is normal screening for post pregnancy depression at pediatric visits. Post pregnancy depression is a case of a parental condition that can have genuine negative impacts for the youngster. Since it is a maternal condition, it raises a large group of moral and legitimate inquiries regarding the limits of pediatric care and the pediatric supplier's obligation and risk. There are however several dangers and risk factors associated with either screening or not screening for, post birth depression at pediatric visits. Grekin, O'Hara, (2014) despite the fact that an extensive variety of parental emotional wellness issues can affect child rearing practices and wellbeing results, one major clinical condition that has gotten expanded consideration concerning routine screening inside pediatric visits: post pregnancy anxiety. With expectations of empowering a more extensive discourse of the limits of pediatric care, utilization of this particular issue to examine lawful contemplations that develop from the social insurance framework and moral contemplations that are all inclusive. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that post natal depression and all major types of depression are caused by a variety of risk factors such as heredity, situational conditions, pain, sudden changes in the way of life and other social factors such as esteem and economic status. Pearson, et al (2013). It is also very clear that there are several clinical interventions that and non-medicinal interventions that can be carried out in order to relieve the post natal depression such as physical fitness, medication and psychotherapy. Some of the ethical considerations include screening during pediatric visits for the clinical depressions. References Barry, T. J., Murray, L., Fearon, R. P., Moutsiana, C., Cooper, P., Goodyer, I. M., ... Halligan, S. L. (2015). Maternal postnatal depression predicts altered offspring biological stress reactivity in adulthood.Psychoneuroendocrinology,52, 251-260. Borra, C., Iacovou, M., Sevilla, A. (2015). New evidence on breastfeeding and postpartum depression: the importance of understanding womens intentions.Maternal and child health journal,19(4), 897-907. Brummelte, S., Galea, L. A. (2016). Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care.Hormones and behavior,77, 153-166. Dennis, C. L., Dowswell, T. (2013). Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression.The Cochrane Library. Depression, P. (2015). Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(1), 59-67. Figueiredo, B., Canrio, C., Field, T. (2014). Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression.Psychological medicine,44(5), 927-936. Goodman, J. H., Prager, J., Goldstein, R., Freeman, M. (2015). Perinatal dyadic psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled pilot trial.Archives of women's mental health,18(3), 493-506. Grekin, R., O'Hara, M. W. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis.Clinical Psychology Review,34(5), 389-401. Murgatroyd, C., Quinn, J. P., Sharp, H. M., Pickles, A., Hill, J. (2015). Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene.Translational psychiatry,5(5), e560. Norhayati, M. N., Hazlina, N. N., Asrenee, A. R., Emilin, W. W. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a literature review.Journal of affective Disorders,175, 34-52. O'hara, M. W., McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions.Annual review of clinical psychology,9, 379-407. Pearson, R. M., Evans, J., Kounali, D., Lewis, G., Heron, J., Ramchandani, P. G., ... Stein, A. (2013). Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years.JAMA psychiatry,70(12), 1312-1319. Rubertsson, C., Hellstrm, J., Cross, M., Sydsj, G. (2014). Anxiety in early pregnancy: prevalence and contributing factors.Archives of women's mental health,17(3), 221-228. Verreault, N., Da Costa, D., Marchand, A., Ireland, K., Dritsa, M., Khalif, S. (2014). Rates and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and with postpartum onset.Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics gynecology,35(3), 84-91. Webb, R., Ayers, S. (2015). Cognitive biases in processing infant emotion by women with depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in pregnancy or after birth: A systematic review.Cognition and Emotion,29(7), 1278-1294.